Discuss Piagets theory of cognitive development - 1235 Words

Discuss Piaget’s theory of Cognitive Development Cognitive Development can be defined as the development of thought processes. This includes thinking, concept understanding, problem solving, and decision making and remembering from childhood on to adulthood. There are two theories of Cognitive development that offer us two different ways of understanding it. The first is called Domain general. This theory states that one line of development determines all of the changes in a child’s intellectual system (van Geert, 1998). This means that if one thing goes wrong then it will impact on all other areas of a child’s cognitive system, resulting in a high scale problem. The second is the Domain specific theory. This theory varies†¦show more content†¦Children in this stage believe that everything is about them; they have an egocentric view of the world. Piaget’s three mountains task was used in order to detect the ability to mentally rotate an image (Inagaki et al., 2002). Children aged four or five were not able to say what another person would be able to see from their view; these skills are not gained until the age of around nine years old. 120281576 In stage three we have the concrete operations where children begin to gain some logical reasoning about the world. This stage occurs between seven and twelve years of age according to Piaget. They start to solve conservation problems but are very limited to concrete situations as they find systematic thinking difficult (Piaget, 1972). Stage four is the formal operational stage, ages twelve and above. Children learn to think about abstract ideas logically in this stage. They learn to understand that their behaviour can have different consequences under different condition (Piaget, 2008). There are many critics of Piaget’s stage theory, Margaret Donaldson and Hughes to name a few. A problem with his theory is that it proposes a single linear sequence that holds four very broad stages where each person must pass in order to fully develop their cognitive skills (Feldman, 2004). It therefore is too general as it does not give us much detail about the different stages and does not take into account any individual differences at all.Show MoreRelatedDiscuss Major Theories Of Human Development And Learning Essay1617 Words   |  7 PagesDiscuss major theories of human development and learning, including MÄ ori and Pasifika perspectives. This essay will discuss Jean Piaget, Lev Vygotsky and their theories as well as critical points from their theories and explain how they relate back to each theory. It will discuss how both of these theories can be applied to work in relation to a role in the Early Childhood sector. It will include Dr. Rangimarie Pere’s studies in education and how they compare to those of Piaget and Vygotsky. ThisRead MoreVygotsky And Vygotsky s Impact On The Early Childhood Sector Essay1302 Words   |  6 PagesThis essay will discuss Jean Piaget, Lev Vygotsky and their theories as well as critical points from their theories and explain how they relate back to each theory. It will discuss how both of these theories can be applied to work in relation to a role in the Early Childhood sector. It will include Dr. Rangimarie Pere’s studies in education and how they compare to those of Piaget and Vygotsky. This essay will also link the chosen theories back to Te WhÄ riki and the New Zeal and early childhood curriculumRead MoreJean Piaget s Theory And Theory1673 Words   |  7 PagesWhat is a theory? A theory is an organized set of ideas that is designed to explain development. These are essential for developing predictions about behaviors and predictions result in research that helps to support or clarify the theory. The theorist I am choosing to talk about is Jean Piaget who discovered the cognitive development theory and who broke it down into different stages. The different stages are the sensorimotor stage, the preoperational stage, the concrete operational thoughtRead MorePiaget in the Classroom1334 Words   |  6 Pagesgrounded by the development ideas presented by Piaget. The educational implications of Piaget’s theory are closely tied to the concept of intelligence as the dynamic and emerging ability to adapt to the environment with ever increasing competence (Piaget, 1963). According to the development ideas presented by Piaget’s theory, cognitive structures are patterns of physical and mental action that underlie specific acts of intelligence and correspond to changes in child development. A review of theRead MoreJean Piagets Theory of Development1080 Words   |  5 PagesJean Piaget’s theory is basically cognitive and developmental and most of his studies were based on his three children, he called this the clinical method. This method was used in interviews with patients by asking them questions and observing their behaviour. Whilst using this method he learnt that children under 7 years use different principles to base their judgments on compared to older children. Piaget would use the interview responses for following questions he could ask. The method at firstRead MoreThe Observation of a 5 Year Old Boy Essay1263 Words   |  6 PagesInterpretation: As I was observing Daiki I could see that many of his actions and behavior was typical for his age. I will discuss my observations in terms of the cognitive and psychosocial domains of human development. I will also discuss my observations using the cognitive theory. I will first discuss what I observed using the cognitive domain of human development. I noticed that Daikis language was very persistent. Even though his sentences were not complete, he still talked to his peersRead MoreGeneral Theorists And The General Theories Essay1556 Words   |  7 Pages This essay will discuss two general theorists and one Maori/Pasifika theorist and give an overview of their theories. It will discuss two critical points and explain how these points relate to the chosen theories. It will also relate to the theorists beliefs to the role as a nanny and provide examples of how the theories apply to the development of infants, toddlers, young children and their families. This essay will briefly outline the differences between the Maori theorist and compare the generalRead MorePiaget’S Theory Of Cognitive Development Is A Theory Built987 Words   |  4 Pages Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development is a theory built upon stages in the development of children. Each stage in this theory pertains to specific age ranges, and involves cognitive achievements and limitations distinct to that age. The theory attempts to depict how children understand the world throughout their development. Though the theory follows an age range with certain the t heory itself should not always be seen as concrete (Bibace, 2013). Piaget’s theory of cognitive development can beRead MoreHow Do the Major Theories of Child Development (Known as the ‘Grand Theories’) Explore the Importance of Social Experiences?1675 Words   |  7 PagesHow do the major theories of child development (known as the ‘grand theories’) explore the importance of social experiences? Social experiences play a vital role in the development of children. Theories of child development have been created to help us to understand how children’s minds develop, taking into account the differences between cultures around the world. Some of these theories explore the possibility that children gain knowledge, develop new concepts and bridge new ideas through interactionRead MoreSocial and Moral Development Essay1092 Words   |  5 Pagesintellectual, social and moral development of infants at birth and as they grow into adults are through the developmental theories. Some of the developmental theories are sexual development, social development and moral development. Both Jean Piaget and Lawrence Kohlberg view similarities as well as differences between the theories they each believe in regards to the development of a child social and moral development. Jean Piaget put forth the theory of cognitive development wherein he established

Essay about The Power of Angels in America - 2546 Words

The Power of Angels in America Such ethical possibility is, however, founded on and coextensive with the subjects movement toward what Foucault calls care of the self, the often very fragile concern to provide the self with pleasure and nourishment in an environment that is perceived not particularly to offer them. -Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick Demanding that life near AIDS is an inextricably other reality denies our ability to recreate a sustaining culture and social structures, even as we are daily required to devote such time to the details of the AIDS crisis. -Cindy Patton Tony Kushners two-part play (or, if you will, two plays) Angels In America is one of most famous and most powerful plays†¦show more content†¦Rogoffs Angels in America, Devils in the Wings is an article thats decidedly critical of the Broadway production of Tony Kushners Angels in America: Millennium Approaches. He begins his critique with as one who lives a life rather than a lifestyle, Im not sure what a gay play, let alone a gay fantasia might be (21). As one who lives a life rather than a lifestyle myself, I find this opening to the essay to conjure linguistic maneuvers of the conservative right used to dismiss the grievances of gay men. While I may be going out on a limb in this analysis, most often the binary life vs. lifestyle is code for heterosexual vs. homosexual-in short, gays and lesbians dont live lives but rather we live lifestyles. Ours are mockeries of real lives, thus requiring the supplemental -style. Rogoff is not sure what a gay play...might b e. In truth, this is no easy question, and there are no easy answers to it. Are the plays of Tennessee Williams, such as Cat on a Hot Tin Roof and The Glass Menagerie gay plays, since the author was gay? Or do only his later works qualify as gay plays, as they focused specifically on gay material? Are any of the plays of William Shakespeare gay plays, for that matter? Or is this an appellation reserved for post-Stonewall, politically oriented gay plays? These could potentially be veryShow MoreRelatedValues and Standards in Kushners Angels in America Essays1088 Words   |  5 Pagesof Joe and Roy implied in the play, â€Å"Angels in America† by Tony Kushner, while discussing how they can be both valuable and questionable. Kushner implies that religious ideals act as guidelines for those who follow them. He brings this point across with the character called Joe. A Mormon who has used those religious standards to fight off the â€Å"wrong or ugly† and has modified his behavior to what is â€Å"decent† or â€Å"Correct† (Angels in America pg. 40). 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There are undoubtedly too many issues to thoroughly analyze each and every one, but disease and destruction stand out: specifically the representation of AIDS and its affects on the individual acceptance and defining of sexuality, as well as, society’s perspectives. Angels in America is an accurate, honest portrayal of the slow deterioration of the human body, the soul’sRead MoreAngels: Messengers of God Essay examples1452 Words   |  6 Pagesoften have no problem accepting that angels are messengers from God, and they bring protection, healing, encouragement, and hope into our lives. These people find an ease and c omfort in having faith in God and his messengers. However, in the same regard there are some people who lack the amount of faith and belief who cannot fathom their being a God or any type of greater being like an angel watching over them. These people are agnostics and athiests. Angels are messengers of God in the HebrewRead More Allen Ginsbergs America Essay1708 Words   |  7 PagesAllen Ginsbergs America In Allen Ginsberg’s â€Å"America,† the speaker angrily blasts America in a one-sided argument. In this poem America is personified and is addressed by the speaker as if it were human. After calling himself America the speaker asks several rhetorical questions that make the reader think about America’s ethical and moral values while questioning its goals and ambitions. In essence, the speaker presents to the reader those unanswerable questions that neither himself norRead MoreFeminism And Its Effect On Society946 Words   |  4 PagesAs stated before, America in the Reagan period was not comfortable with homosexuality, which resulted in denial about AIDS and in-turn general unawareness regarding the disease. At that time if a person was diagnosed with AIDS, they were automatically labelled as gay, despite the medical inaccuracy of that generalization. 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If you had thought that, you are wrong, very wrong. Angels are warriors of God, abiding by His Laws and His Laws only. They are protectors of earth and its inhabitants and sometimes, the destroyers. An angel’s importance may not be widely known, but their job for us will never be forgotten. Angels are pure spirits that were created by God. The English word, angel, comes from a Greek

Lab Report Analysis Free Essays

Memorandum TO: Emma Mackenzie, Writing Instructor; Montana Tech FROM: Sarah Hambidge, Montana Tech Student DATE: 6 November 2012 SUBJECT: Lab Report Analysis This memo proposes the observations and claims I collected from reviewing three different lab reports. Three fields of study are composed within this memo that includes Electrical Engineering, Environmental Engineering, and Petroleum Engineering. â€Å"Electrical Filters,† (Electrical), written by Joe Schmoe, is a lab report made by a student at a university. We will write a custom essay sample on Lab Report Analysis or any similar topic only for you Order Now The College Board produced an environmental lab report named, â€Å"Monitoring Air Quality,† (Air), for the purpose of student education as a lab template. Monitoring Air Quality was written by Dr. Angela C. Morrow who graduated from the University of Northern Colorado. Within the Energy Engineering field, I found, â€Å"NETL Extreme Drilling Lab Studies high temperature drilling Phenomena. † (NETL). This lab was created by the U. S. Department of Energy and was found in the work of the U. S. Government. This lab report was written by K. David Lyons, Simone Honeygan, and Thomas Mroz. All three lab reports’ features have been compared and contrasted using analytical techniques in this memo. Observation of Whole Document All three documents are close in terms of length of paper. They are in the range between 6 and 9 pages long. The NETL Drilling High Pressure High Temperature Drilling Phenomena and Electrical Filters lab reports have 4 or 5 figures to represent the purpose of the lab report. The Air Quality lab only has one figure, a picture of a tree. College Board’s Monitoring Air Quality figures were labeled underneath the pictures in regular font. The petroleum lab report used bold lettering underneath the figures. The electrical report’s figures were labeled with italics underneath the picture as well. * Paragraph styles All three labs differ strongly when it comes to the style of how the paragraphs were written. Drilling lab reports within Petroleum Engineering are most elaborate and long. The petroleum lab report has 3 paragraphs in the Abstract section while the other two reports have one short paragraph. The Petroleum lab includes specific numerical details such as different depths, fluid pressures, and temperatures. The other reports did not include quantities inside the opening paragraph that is why Drilling labs are more elaborate and precise when it comes to representing information. As a reader is reading the NETL Drilling Lab, they could be more confused than reading the other two labs. The quantities are not explained how they are derived very well, so this could result in a comprehension problem for a basic reader. I think this would make a reader with basic comprehension levels frustrated. * Headings According to the example lab report(Doyoyo,2002), paragraph titles should follow this format in order of title page, Abstract, Experimental Procedure, Results, Discussion, Conclusion, Appendices, and References. The lab report composed by the College Board follows this format most concisely. The College Boards paragraphs are titled Abstract, Objectives, Introduction, Materials, Procedure, Data/Observations, Analysis, and Additional Resources. The procedure in this report is quite long because it has 3 sub headings within it that precede three different subjects. The analysis goes quite in depth as well and has 2 different parts in it. The electrical lab report follows a similar paragraph order; Objective, Background, Experiment, Results, Conclusion, and References. The background paragraph is 2 pages long; this is longer than any of the other documents. I believe in order to completely comprehend this document, you would have to know a great deal of background and have expierence in this field. The petroleum drilling lab report also follows a different format; Abstract, Introduction, Acknowledgments, and References. TheNETL Drilling lab stands out from the rest of the labs too because between the introduction and acknowledgments, there are 4 paragraphs that explain descriptions, efforts, and future plans. This lab is farthest from following the standard lab report format. The NETL Drilling Lab was written by the government so they may follow a stricter lab format than they teach in schools. They might make up their own order of headings and paragraphs because they are on top of the chain. Font choice The NETL lab Report uses ten point font in Times New Roman. The Electrical Engineering lab Report uses Times New Roman as well but its double spaced and typed in twelve point font. The environmental lab uses Calibri with twelve point font and multiple spaces between every paragraph. The NETL lab is the most professional looking lab because it looks formal and fits more informat ion within a page than the other labs. A reader could get the most information out of the NETL lab because it is constructed elaborately but also concisely. Overall tone The NETL lab has by far, most formal tone of voice. The lab created by the College Board is built for mainly educational purposes; therefore it uses a smaller vocabulary for easier understanding. The Electrical lab report was made by students so it’s not that complex. The NETL lab is professional because it is a work of the government. This lab uses many big words, acronyms, references within text, and many numerical conversions. The lab written by students has the least informal tone, most likely because they are least educated. Reading the Electrical Filters Lab could leave a reader lost in some places, and readers may want to read a different lab on Electrical Filters written by a doctor or someone with a professional degree. * Repetition The College Board lab report uses repititon the most because it was created by doctors and doctors are very precise with representing information. It often repeats, â€Å"Please see AP’s licensing for AP Questions and Materials. † It also repeats, â€Å"Clean Air Act,† â€Å"NAAQS,† â€Å"gypsum,† and â€Å"air quality laws. † Within the procedure the paragraphs are repetitive as well. The Electrical lab is the least repetitive but it did repeat input and output signal values. The petroleum lab repeats drilling terms and the process of deep drilling. I think the repetition in all of the labs was necessary because a basic reader would need to be reminded of the information to smoothly flow through reading the documents. Sections The sections within the 3 lab reports differ in body. Some are more like Markel’s sample(Markel,2010) than others. * Abstract The petroleum lab and environmental reflect the major focus of the lab well. The abstract concisely communicates the purpose of the lab, the approach, the results, and the significances of the findings. The electrical lab doesn’t have an abstract but sometimes instructors do not require an abstract section. The environmental lab does a better job at writing the abstract because it’s shorter and more direct to the point, therefore easier to understand. * Introduction The petroleum lab does the worst at the introduction. Markel (Markel, 2010, ch10), says the purpose of the lab is clearly stated. The petroleum lab is sort of confusing. It says,† The purpose of this paper and industry projects [1-5] deep wells are defined as wells drilled for oil and gas having true vertical depth (TVD) greater than 15,000 feet (4572 meters. )† The electrical report is more to the point, for example, â€Å"The objective of this lab is to build and test a first order, low-pass filter with resistors and capacitors. † The Environmental lab’s purpose statement is, â€Å"At the end of this lab, you will be able to describe and discuss several air pollutants and methods for detecting them. The environmental lab is a lab template so it is written in a future tense format rather than past tense like the other labs. Conclusion In reading this memo, I hope you understand my findings an key points about the three lab reports I analyzed. Electrical Filters, by Joe Schomoe, was poorly written compared to the other lab reports. It did properly use its figures and the abstract section was written correctly. This document was hard to read because the background was very long and in depth. This document also was least appealing to the eye because the lack of professionalism. College Board’s Monitoring Air Quality overall did well as serving the major purpose as a lab template for students. However this lab needs more figures and pictures because it only has one figure. The College Board also followed Markel’s lab format the closest. The repetition used by this lab made the whole document flow more as reading. The NETL Extreme Drilling Laboratory Studies High Pressure High Temperature Drilling Phenomena, is the most professional and formal written document compared to the other two labs. It did not follow the normal lab report format, but it contained many helpful figures and tables. This lab can be confusing because it is so complex, but most information and data can be obtained from reading this lab report. References * Doyoyo, September 19, 2002, 13. 014J/1. 052J â€Å"Helpful instructions on how to write a mechanics lab report. † * Markel, 2010 Chapters 6,7,9,10,18, Appendix B related to APA documentation * Unit 3 Topics Checklist * (Electrical) How to cite Lab Report Analysis, Essay examples

A Story From America Essay Research Paper free essay sample

A Story From America Essay, Research Paper A Story From America August 14th 1960, I was working tardily at the office that dark. It was like one of those darks that gives you shiver, when you think about them. The cold air was titillating me in the cervix, when it easy blowed into the room from the unfastened window. The visible radiations from the street made me so annoyed that I hartly could happen and read the documents I was looking for. Finally I found them, they were concealing in my personal archive of instances connected with slaying. My attending all of a sudden breaks when my secretary, a immature talented adult female with many unusual accomplishments, approaches the office. She ever negotiations, normaly I merely pretend to listen, but this clip I could experience something was different. She had an thought, possibly she had found a hint, in the instance which had gone on my nervousnesss for the last three hebdomads. Cooper! , she manages to articulate before she throws some documents on my desk. Make you retrieve, when we were look intoing Mrs Alpher s flat? . Yes, what is it? I say, seeking to happen out what s on her head. You see, until now we haven t found anyone that perchance could hold gone into Mrs Alpher s flat, without anyone detecting him or her. You ve got a point at that place, I responded, what was on her head? That bluish frock surely showed her all right curves, really I coundn t get her of my head most of the clip. Well, her flat lies on the corner of Main Street and Baker Street, there re three Windowss, one on Baker St. and one Main St. plus one in the center. That dark Mrs Alpher was shot, it was really warm, and if she so had a window unfastened. A individual could hold shot her in hers apartment, from his or hers ain window, she looked satisfied after completing her composition. So what you re seeking to state, is that we possibly could happen the slaying in one of the fla ts opposite Mrs Alpher s Windowss. The thought wasn t bad at all I thoungt, she opened the new closet to acquire some files. OK. we ll travel over to her flat right off. It was rather unusual to come in the flat, it had an unusual construction, but besides it had a certain appeal with it s three Windowss in the terminal of the life room. I tryed to visualize what had been traveling on that flushing Mrs Alpher was shot. First she had come place after a dinner with her lover, to loosen up herself she starts to alter her apparels. Then she opens the Windowss because of the heat, the slaying is sitting in his or hers window frame, waiting for Mrs Alpher to stand in the right topographic point where he or she can fire the gun. No 1 will detect the shooting, because of loud noise the trafic usualy makes. The pieces eventually bagan to suit, now there was merely one thing left to make, cross-examine those with Windowss opposide Mrs Alpher s flat. Fortunately there were merely three existent suspects, Mr Appleton, Mrs Sherly and Mr Edwoods, my secretary and I went out to happen the slaying. Mr Appleton 33 old ages old, lives opposide Mrs Alpher s flat on Baker Street. Has a good point of position to the flat, and have permission to transport a gun. He was entirely place watching telecasting the dark of the slaying. Mrs Sherly 25 old ages old, lives opposide Mrs Alpher s flat on Main Street. Do non hold a good point of position, but have been covetous of Mrs Alpher, because of her new lover ( harmonizing to other close friends ) . She was place, but was kiping at the clip of the slaying. Mr Edwoods 34 old ages old, lives nextdoor to Mrs Sherly. Has a good point of position to all three Windowss, but wasn t place at the clip of the violent death. After hearing all three alibis, I sat down seeking to happen out who had the best ground for killing Mrs Alpher. Mr Appleton was seemingly the headsuspect, because he had permission to transport a gun. But all slayings didn T ever have permission to transport guns, so Mrs Sherly with her green-eyed monster was besides a headsuspect. Mr Edwoods whom said he wasn t place at the clip of the violent death, has the best point of position to the flat, besides he could hold make it, if he was lieing. Suddenly the phone starts pealing, I pick up the receiving system trusting something unbelievable had happened. It s the downtown policedepartment, Agent Cooper? One of your suspects was confessed the slaying of Mrs Alpher. I went down to the constabulary section right off, but who could it be? To my surprise, I saw Mr Edwoods standing at the counter. He looked baffled, besides he couldn t look me in the oculus. Mr Edwoods? , I couldn t complete what I was about to state, when he cryed out It was me, yes I admit it, it was me who killed that brainsick adult female. But why Mr Edwoods? Why did you kill a adult female you barely knew? , I couldn t stan her, she was a bitch! he said with strong belief in his voice. Well Mr Edwoods, why don T you tell me what had happened, all right. I ll better do that. I lean back in my chair, and started listening. For a long clip I had been following Mr Alpher, I dreamt every dark of her and so she finds this lover. He stoped speaking for a minute, so I asked him with no consideration But why didn T you at least talk to her? You see, I wasn t the sort of adult male she wanted, he looked up with cryings in his eyes. The lone manner out I could happen was to get rid of the lover, but at the clip I was traveling to kill, I couldn t see the dif ference between her and him. I didn t mean to kill Mr Alpher, it was a error, a awful error. But I m the one how shall be punished, and I ve got nil more to state. His face was all white, so I asked him to take it easy. Few proceedingss alter a police officer came to roll up Mr Edwoods, I saw him being taken away with handlocks on his dorsum. I needed a remainder, and the lone topographic point I knew where I could rest, was at the Johnsons Hotel. Possibly I should name my secretary? No, she already knew what had happened. I opened the door to the hotel anteroom, two adult females were sitting down in the white chairs, possibly waiting? Or merely loosen uping themselves. One of them, was reading a book. She besides had the same bluish frock as my secretary, no another error, the frock wasn T rather the same. But anyhow, I wasn t here to look at adult females, but to loosen up myself. It was non really warm in the hotel anteroom, so I keept my coat on. There were no to see behind the counter, but I was patient. Suddenly a adult male runs into the anteroom, he stops infront of on of the ladies. When he takes his coat off his arm, I can see he holds a scattergun in his manus. I m paralysed for a few seconds, so he fires the scattergun, and runs out of the back door. Merely when I m about to rest, something ever happens. I st art running alter him.

Multicultural Australia

Introduction The concept of multiculturalism does not have a straight forward definition because it depends on the context of its usage. Again, it is not easy to have a universally acceptable definition because there are more people putting in their contributions about this concept, therefore leading to numerous definitions of the same.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Multicultural Australia specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More For example, multiculturalism in the United States of America is used in both social and political contexts. It is used to show that the differences that exist among people on the basis of their cultural orientation, gender, ethnic or racial backgrounds and other diverse opinions, should not be a source of division but should be viewed as a source of strength for that particular group (Higley, Nieuwenhuysen, and Neerup, 2009). Basically, multiculturalism advocates for treatment of all people w ith respect and dignity because this is what leads to the massive growth and development of a nation. This paper shall address this concept in details using the example of Australia as well as identify how it has changed before, during and after the Howard government. The Concept of Multiculturalism In Australia, the view of this concept is not very different from that of the USA. This is because multiculturalism is viewed in both the social and political contexts and is seen as a tool that should help in the development of the country other than in its destruction. The term was in use widely in the 1990’s but its use has declined with time, with many people wondering what became of it (Cope, et al, 1991). Castles, et al, (1990) says that the term is slowly being replaced with the term ‘integration’. This term deals with the diversity that exists in the modern day society. According to Lyle (1983), this diversity comes about because of the differences in cultural and ethnic orientations, among other factors. This definition is especially true for the modern day Australia, whose policy is that it is a multicultural society and this is not going to change. To further enhance multiculturalism, the government of Australia has put forth measures to it intends to act on in response to the diversity that is present in the country as a result of multiculturalism.Advertising Looking for essay on cultural studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This country, that is part of the other countries in the commonwealth, has pointed out several dimensions that the policies that deal with multiculturalism should take. The first dimension is one that deals with the cultural orientation of the people. The Australian government clearly stipulates that each of its citizens have the right to express themselves culturally in the different ways that culture can and is expressed but within the limits prescrib ed by the law. Consequently, the Australians are free to express their culture through language and religious affiliation without any interference. The other tenet of multiculturalism as stipulated by the government is the social justice for all the citizens. Every person is en titled to fair treatment regardless of their class, religious background, political affiliation, gender and ethnic background, among other barriers of fair treatment. The last dimension of this concept as viewed by the government is the economic dimension. This tenet gives every Australian citizen a right to be recruited or employed anywhere in the country where they can use their skills and knowledge. This should happen regardless of the person’s sex, political, ethnic and religious background. The dimensions of multiculturalism discussed above are applied to all Australian citizens without discrimination and are articulated in the country’s documents of the National Agenda. Consequently, the p eople with Aboriginal background, the Anglo-Celtic group of citizens and those who do not speak English but are citizens of Australia receive the same treatment from the government (Bell, 2006). Limitations of Multiculturalism Even though the Australians enjoy the rights expressed in the National Agenda, there are also several limitations to these rights. First, the rights of Australians concerning multiculturalism are founded on the assumption that every Australian citizen is committed and is also working towards the realization of the common goal of the nation. They should also be committed to those things that are geared towards unifying the country. This is the first and most important factor underlying the implementation of the rights of multiculturalism (CAAIP (Committee to Advise on Australia’s Immigration Policies), 1988).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Multicultural Australia specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The policies also call for Australians approval of the basic structures and the overarching principles governing the country. Respect for and obedience to the constitution and other laws that govern the country, showing tolerance and fair treatment to everyone regardless of the things they possess that bring about diversity and freedom to express oneself are some of the ways that the citizens can express their approval of the laws of the land. The use the national language, in the case of Australia, English, and fair treatment of people of both sexes is also a way of showing acceptance of the basic principles of the country. Finally, for one to enjoy their rights of expression of their culture they have to recognize that there are others who have a different cultural orientation and they too have the same right. This therefore, calls for tolerance and acceptance of others culture without acting in a manner that will offend the other party (Bell, 2006). In summary, thes e policies that have been formulated to address the concept of multiculturalism in Australia are designed to help in making Australia a better place for its citizens with social justice and economic efficiency as its overarching principles. Multiculturalism before the Howard Government Before the introduction of the concept of multiculturalism, Australia used another policy known as ‘assimilation’. This meant that any immigrant settling in Australia had to forsake their culture and adopt that of the natives in Australia (Elder, 2005). One of the factors that led to the change of policy from the idea of assimilation to that cultural pluralism and later multiculturalism is the World War 2 and its effects. Precisely, there was increased awareness on the devastating effects of racism learnt from the Nazi party’s actions. This made people start doubting the positivity of the White Australia Policy, which encouraged racism, and was being practiced then (Lopez, 2000). T hat was an external factor. Internally, there were several groups which advocated for an end of the policies which encouraged racism. These groups included the church and other human rights groups.Advertising Looking for essay on cultural studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More By 1960, these groups, which were very active in speaking against the white Australia policy in the 1950’s, got support from other quarters which included the journalists and the students body from various universities, among others. Their first achievement in this campaign came when dictation test for those who wanted to migrate to Australia was dropped. The non-Europeans who wanted to migrate to Australia were also allowed to undertake the skilled migrant program. Consequently, students of Asian origin were allowed undertake their studies in Australia and also, more people who were not Europeans got a chance to live in Australia especially in the 1970’s. The church together with other groups continued being vocal on this issue of racism especially with regard to one’s language, cultural orientation and religious background. The groups emphasized that everyone had the right to live in Australia and practice their culture, religion and speak their language witho ut any barriers (Jones, 2003). More pressure was put by Jerzy Zubrzycki on the government to end this culture of assimilation and instead adopt a policy of ‘cultural pluralism’. Jerzy Zubrzycki was one of the members of the academic movements challenging some of the policies that were used by the government of Australia (Theophanous, 1995). Their breakthrough came around 1971, when the movement changed its name to ‘multicultural society’ and some of its members appointed to the advisory committees in the immigration departments. Here, they were able to implement their ideas. In 1973, the White Australia Policy was completely dropped, with the government opting to choose the immigrants on the basis of their qualifications (Birrell, 1984). The racial discrimination act was also formulated in 1975, during the tenure of Malcolm Fraser as the opposition immigration spokesman. Multiculturalism was embraced by many people and continued to be practiced throughout t he country. The concept received support from the Prime Minister, Bob Hawke, in 1980’s when he ordered for the setting up of an office where multicultural policies would be made and enacted (Australian Council on Population and Ethnic Affairs, 1982). Collins (1988) states that around the same time, the concept was fully adopted by many and there were programs that had been established to help the immigrants and also the lobby groups with financial and any other kind of assistance that they required. Establishment of multicultural radio stations was also a step to show the success of multiculturalism. Multiculturalism during the Howard Government John Howard led the Australian government between 1996 and 2007. During his tenure, he did not show a lot of support for multiculturalism, instead he even criticized it. As a result, the support this concept received from the government decreased and conversely, the idea of assimilation received massive support (Das, 2006). This howev er does not mean that the government abolished multiculturalism completely. National Multicultural Advisory Council (NMAC) was established in 1997, with support from the government even though every other policy that was formed after this did not regard the concept of multiculturalism. Instead, Australian values were emphasized. A report on multiculturalism submitted by National Multicultural Advisory Council (NMAC) in 1999 stated that although it recognized that the citizens were involved in the success of multiculturalism, there was a greater need to recognize that Great Britain and Ireland also contributed immensely towards Australia’s democracy and peaceful coexistence of people in the country. To further show his lack of support towards multiculturalism, only a single statement on multicultural policy was given out. This happened in 2003 and the statement was supposed to serve its purpose until 2006. This was a long period of silence on such a crucial matter of national importance (Greg, 2006). Another thing that showed his contempt towards multiculturalism was his reluctance use the term in official speeches that he made. Again, term which was in use in the title of the immigration department was removed and the department given another name that did not include ‘multiculturalism’. Das (2006) further says that Howard encouraged the immigrant to integrate into the native Australian society which is largely white Anglo-Saxon. Howard says that failure to do this, the national values that show patriotism and nationalism would be down trodden. This is a view that was shared by another vocal critic of multiculturalism, Blainey, According to Blainey (1984), acceptance of the concept of multiculturalism would have devastating effects on the government. This would lead to failure because of concentrating on the rights of the few immigrants at the expense of the majority of the population who are the natives. Howard’s zeal for eradicatio n of this concept saw him introduce the Australian citizenship test, which had earlier been removed because it hindered efforts geared towards multiculturalism. The national identity also ceased to be referred to as multiculturalism (Slade, and Mollering, 2010). In 2007, before he left office, Howard made remarks disregarding multiculturalism. He is quoted to have said that the Australian natives should not be made to apologize because of their identity; instead, they should be proud and push for it to remain. He explained his point further by saying that the concept of multiculturalism is different from that of multiracialism and the two should never be confused (Modood, 2007). To elaborate this, Howard said that multiracialism simply meant the acceptance of the core values upheld by the natives of a country by the immigrants who settle in that particular country. He asserted that he is comfortable with the practice of multiracialism but not multiculturalism. He said that he believ ed in this because of the positive effect that is got when people from different societies come together (Castles, and Miller, 2009). Multiculturalism after the Howard Government The debate on multiculturalism did not end with the end of John Howard’s tenure in office. This concern is fueled by the danger of terrorism attacks that is being experienced by people all over the world. There was also a concern about how best to bring about social cohesion in the country that is characterized by cultural diversity. During the Labor Government of 2007-2010, under the leadership of Kevin Rudd, the concept of multiculturalism received much support (Markus, Jupp, and McDonald, 2009). His support is signified by his decision to have the Parliamentary Secretary for Multicultural Affairs and Settlement Services and also the National Multicultural Advisory Council established. One of the mandates of the latter was to provide the government with the useful advice on ways of improving social cohesion and also eliminating racism and other vices attached to this due to diversity that existed in the country (Jupp, 2007). This move was aimed at creating an environment of tolerance to all people despite their differences. Diversity was supposed to be treated as strength for the country and not a weakness. This committee gave some recommendations to the government which included: making sure that every citizen had access to essential services rendered by the government to its citizens. Again, the government was supposed to address the issue of discrimination together with other vices such as prejudice with a lot of seriousness. The government was also advised to create opportunities where the people of Australia would put in their contribution in projects that are beneficial to the community as a whole. The overriding advice was that the government needed to do all it could to ensure justice was upheld in all its institutions and the people in Australia lived in a community that had social cohesion without some people feeling left out. These recommendations were received positively by Chris Evans, who was the minister of immigration then. The Gillard government, which came into power in 2010, has not been an ardent supporter of multiculturalism and this led to the government removing the term from the title of the immigration department of the country. This has attracted a lot of criticism from many people including the Federation of Ethnic Communities Councils. Currently, every Australian state has established laws which govern the people on multiculturalism. The modes of operation of the bodies that enact these laws are different because each one has its own laws and mandates. For example, the policy dealing with multiculturalism in New South Wales is enacted by the Community Relations Commission for a multicultural NSW while that doing the same in Victoria is called the Victorian Multicultural Commission (VMC). Conclusion The issue of multiculturali sm remains to a contentious one in Australia. One of the ways which has helped in promoting understanding of this concept among the people is dialogue with the people. However, it is still not clear how multiculturalism can be used to bring about a positive impact in a community with a lot of diversity. This becomes more difficult because of the government’s leaders holding varying opinion during their tenure in office and being replaced with leaders of a different opinion after an election Reference List Australian Council on Population and Ethnic Affairs., 1982. Multiculturalism for all  Australians—our developing nationhood. Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service:. Bell, J., 2006. Australia: state of fear. The Age, Opinion, 27 January, 2006, p. 15 Birrell, R., 1984. Australia’s Immigration Policy: Changes and Implications. Sydney Fontana. Blainey, G., 1984. All for Australia. North Ryde, NSW: Methuen Haynes. Castles, S., and Miller, M., 2009. Th e age of Migration: International Population  Movements in the Modern World. London: Palgrave Macmillan. Castles, S., et al., 1990. Mistaken Identity, Multiculturalism and the Demise of  Nationalism in Australia. Sydney: Pluto Press. CAAIP (Committee to Advise on Australia’s Immigration Policies)., 1988. Immigration: a  committee to Australia. Canberra: AGPS. Collins, J., 1988. Migrants Hand in a Distant Land. Sydney: Pluto Press. Cope, B., et al., 1991. Immigration, Ethnic Conflicts and Social Cohesion. Melbourne: Bureau of Immigration Research. Das, S., 2006. Howard’s way: multiculturalism is out, assimilation is in. The Age,  Opinion, 27 January, p. 15. Elder, C., 2005. Immigration history in M Lyons P Russell (eds), Australia’s history:  themes and debates. New South Wales: University of New South Wales Press. pp. 98–115. Greg, C., 2006. The Conspiracies of Multiculturalism. The Betrayal that Divided  Australia. New South Wales: Sunda Pub lications. Higley, J., Nieuwenhuysen, J., and Neerup, S., 2009. Nations of Immigrants: Australia  and the USA compared. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing. Jones, G. W., 2003. White Australia, national identity and population change in L  Jayasuriya, D Walker J Gothard (eds). Legacies of white Australia: race, culture and nation. Perth: University of Western Australia Press. pp. 110–28 Jupp, J., 2007. From White to Woomera. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Lopez, M., 2000. The Origins of Multiculturalism in Australia Politics 1945-1975. Carlton South: Melbourne University Press. Lyle, A., 1983. A Selective Annotated Bibliography of Multiculturalism in Social  Alternatives. Queensland: University of Queensland. Markus, A., Jupp, J., and McDonald, C., 2009. Australia’s Immigration Revolution.  Crows Nest: Allen Unwin. Modood, T., 2007. Multiculturalism-a civic idea. Cambridge: Polity Press. Slade, C., and Mollering, M., 2010. From Migrant to Citizen: tes ting language, testing  culture. London: Macmillan. Theophanous, A. C., 1995. Understanding Multiculturalism and Australian Identity. Carlton South: Elikia Books. This essay on Multicultural Australia was written and submitted by user JuleCarpenter to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

An Explanation of Dependency Theory in Sociology

An Explanation of Dependency Theory in Sociology Dependency theory, sometimes called foreign dependency, is used to explain the failure of non-industrialized countries to develop economically despite investments made into them from industrialized nations. The central argument of this theory is that the world economic system is highly unequal in its distribution of power and resources due to factors like colonialism and neocolonialism. This places many nations in a dependent position. The dependency theory states that its not a given that developing countries will eventually become industrialized if outside forces and natures suppress them, effectively enforcing dependency on them for even the most basic fundamentals of life. Colonialism and Neocolonialism Colonialism describes the ability and power of industrialized and advanced nations to effectively rob their own colonies of valuable resources like labor or natural elements and minerals. Neocolonialism refers to the overall domination of more advanced countries over those that are less developed, including their own colonies, through economic pressure, and through oppressive political regimes. Colonialism effectively ceased to exist after World War II, but this didnt abolish dependency. Rather, neocolonialism took over, suppressing developing nations through capitalism and finance. Many developing nations became so indebted to developed nations they had no reasonable chance of escaping that debt and moving forward. An Exampleof Dependency Theory Africa received many billions of dollars in the form of loans from wealthy nations between the early 1970s and 2002. Those loans compounded interest. Although Africa has effectively paid off the initial investments into its land, it still owes billions of dollars in interest. Africa, therefore, has little or no resources to invest in itself, in its own economy or human development. Its unlikely that Africa will ever prosper unless that interest is forgiven by the more powerful nations that lent the initial money, erasing the debt. The Decline of Dependency Theory The concept of the dependency theory rose in popularity and acceptance in the mid to late 20th century as global marketing surged. Then, despite Africas troubles, other countries thrived despite the influence of foreign dependency. India and Thailand are two examples of nations that should have remained depressed under the concept of the dependency theory, but, in fact, they gained strength. Yet other countries have been depressed for centuries. Many Latin American nations have been dominated by developed nations since the 16th century with no real indication that that is about to change. The Solution A remedy for dependency theory or foreign dependency would likely require global coordination and agreement. Assuming such a prohibition could be achieved, poor, undeveloped nations would have to be banned from engaging in any sort of incoming economic exchanges with more powerful nations. In other words, they could sell their resources to developed nations because this would, in theory, bolster their economies. However, they would not be able to purchase goods from wealthier countries. As the global economy grows, the issue becomes more pressing.

Competitiveness and investment attractiveness of the South African Essay

Competitiveness and investment attractiveness of the South African food retail industry - Essay Example By 2012, the SAFRI is expected to have a value of $98.1 billion which will be an increase of 32.7 percent over 2011 (Appendix A). While the above figures demonstrate the attractiveness of the market for investments, further evaluation would be conducted to determine the competitive advantage in investing in South Africa. This would be conducted through the extended model of Porter’s National Diamond. 2. Porter’s National Diamond The competitive advantage of an industry, according to Porter, derives from the national ‘diamond’. These four diamonds are the four determinants of competitive advantage created within the home base of the nation state – factor conditions, demand conditions, related and supporting industries, and firm strategy, structure and rivalry. The extended model of Porter’s National Diamond includes government and chance events. An important key feature of the model is that the determinants are supportive of each other and oper ate as a system (Clancy, O’Malley, O’Connell and Egeraat, 2001). This implies that there should be effective flow of information about needs, techniques and technology. Here geographic concentration is important because proximity facilitates flow of information. ... While the basic factors pertain to demographics, location and climate, the advanced factors include communications infrastructure, sophisticated skills and research facilities. South Africa’s population has surpassed 50 million and more than 90 percent of its population is non-white (Arisaig, 2012). Unemployment rate is 25.2 percent and the average life expectancy is only 57 years. Unequal distribution of wealth has resulted in the poorest ten percent earning just one percent of the total national income. Poor education system can be attributed to high rates in unemployment. However, the country has modern infrastructure and the retail sector is sophisticated although dominated by local products (Ntloedibe, 2012). The country also has a well developed communications network and electricity supply is also reliable. In addition, South Africa also has a network of merchant banks, brokers, and financial services specialists. Investments in technology and telecommunications are inc reasing which will enhance business infrastructure thereby enabling the companies to compete with the countries in the West (Maxwell, 2013). The southernmost country on the African continent, South Africa is one of the most economically prosperous nations in southern Africa due to its coastal location and presence of gold, diamonds and natural resources (Briney, 2012). However, climate change is prominent in South Africa and this impacts sourcing and transportation of agricultural products for retailers. One way to handle this is through adaptation by sourcing through several suppliers in vulnerable categories. Despite its coastal location, water is scarce and water security is a fundamental challenge faced by retailers. This requires the retailers to actively engage with suppliers for