Week 5 Forum Bay of Pigs Failure Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Week 5 Forum Bay of Pigs Failure - Assignment Example The location of the invasion was also very inappropriate considering the lack of an escape route at Bay of Pigs. The location had been chosen quite hurriedly without a consideration of many factors. It proved very hard for the attackers to escape and engage the government in guerrilla warfare. President Kennedy was much worried about an obvious involvement of America in the operation and therefore supplied the operation with only sixteen obsolete aircraft. However, this was done without a consideration of the Cuban fleet. Another major mistake arose when against the advice of the military officials the President reduced the initial fleet from sixteen to eight. That decision was an indication that the whole operation was headed for failure. At the planning stage, the Secretary of Defense actually admitted that the plan was bound to fail considering the haphazard manner in which the operations were conducted. It was much important to totally focus on destroying the Cuban air force at the outset of the operation. However, this was impossible considering the limited attacking fleet1. Part of the failure of the invasion is attributed to the poor coordination between intelligence and operations. Indeed, it is seen that Kennedy did not have much knowledge on intelligence related affairs and did not therefore regard it as essential. For the success of such an operation, much information should have been gathered on the Cuban regime. Information on the training of the solders, demography and the defense ability of the military should have been gathered effectively. It was important to have a close association between intelligence and operations so as to provide the necessary preparation and preparedness for the invasion. Indeed, the fear of exposure was the major concern of America in the whole operation. In this case, everything was done with a need to ensure that such exposure was not possible. However, this was also the major cause of failure in the

Critically assess how international investment law should be modified Essay

Critically assess how international investment law should be modified to address the growth of foreign direct investment from em - Essay Example The trend indicates an increase in FDI outflows from emerging markets. During the 1980s, FDI outflows from emerging markets were approximately US$50 billion annually. Since that time the FDI outflows have increase exponentially. For example in 2007 the FDI outflows from emerging markets was US$2.1 trillion and despite the economic downturn in 2008, the FDI outflows from emerging markets was US$1.9 trillion.5 This trend is also indicative of the fact that emerging markets are becoming pivotal players in the global economy.6 It has been argued that the best method for improving FDI inflows to emerging markets is for both realistic and credible commitments to both domestic and international reforms toward liberalising capital markets.7 This is particularly important because states wishing to attract FDI inflows are responsible for regulating their domestic investment laws. The manner in which national laws and national market reforms are made are marginally influenced by â€Å"internat ional legal obligations or by economic necessity.†8 International legal obligations are directed by treaty obligations which are usually in the form of Bilateral International Treaties (BITs).9 Multinational trade agreements such as the World Trade Organization (WTO) and Preferential Trade Agreements (PTAs) also regulate how members states must treat foreign investors, thus enabling greater mobility of capital across borders.10 Since the 1990s, BITs between emerging markets and between emerging markets and developed states have increased exponentially.11 The main difficulty is that there is no â€Å"single model† setting forth what should encompass international investment law relative to FDIs.12 Given the complexity of FDIs, and the risks and uncertainties, the need to balance the rights and duties of foreign investors requires some degree of unity between states.13 A more cohesive international investment law regime is also necessary for levelling the playing field be tween competing emerging markets and between emerging markets and developed states.14 This research study investigates the complexities of FDIs, its significance to economic growth and development in emerging markets and argues that there is a need for the implementation of international investment laws to balance the competing rights and obligations of host state and foreign investor. This is particularly important for ensuring that emerging states benefit from the potential of FDIs to help these state develop and grow in economically and politically significant ways. The challenge under investigation in this study is the extent to which international investment law should be modified to prevent the exponential growth of FDI outflows from emerging markets and to encourage further growth of FDI inflows to emerging markets. International Investment Law Regulating FDIs Bilateral Investment Treat Law Since the 1990s there has been a significant increase in the number of bilateral forei gn investment treaties (BITs).15 Studies show that BITs have increased the flow of FDIs to emerging markets particularly those in South-East Asia.16 There is also evidence of an increase in FDI outflows from and