Discuss Piagets theory of cognitive development - 1235 Words

Discuss Piaget’s theory of Cognitive Development Cognitive Development can be defined as the development of thought processes. This includes thinking, concept understanding, problem solving, and decision making and remembering from childhood on to adulthood. There are two theories of Cognitive development that offer us two different ways of understanding it. The first is called Domain general. This theory states that one line of development determines all of the changes in a child’s intellectual system (van Geert, 1998). This means that if one thing goes wrong then it will impact on all other areas of a child’s cognitive system, resulting in a high scale problem. The second is the Domain specific theory. This theory varies†¦show more content†¦Children in this stage believe that everything is about them; they have an egocentric view of the world. Piaget’s three mountains task was used in order to detect the ability to mentally rotate an image (Inagaki et al., 2002). Children aged four or five were not able to say what another person would be able to see from their view; these skills are not gained until the age of around nine years old. 120281576 In stage three we have the concrete operations where children begin to gain some logical reasoning about the world. This stage occurs between seven and twelve years of age according to Piaget. They start to solve conservation problems but are very limited to concrete situations as they find systematic thinking difficult (Piaget, 1972). Stage four is the formal operational stage, ages twelve and above. Children learn to think about abstract ideas logically in this stage. They learn to understand that their behaviour can have different consequences under different condition (Piaget, 2008). There are many critics of Piaget’s stage theory, Margaret Donaldson and Hughes to name a few. A problem with his theory is that it proposes a single linear sequence that holds four very broad stages where each person must pass in order to fully develop their cognitive skills (Feldman, 2004). It therefore is too general as it does not give us much detail about the different stages and does not take into account any individual differences at all.Show MoreRelatedDiscuss Major Theories Of Human Development And Learning Essay1617 Words   |  7 PagesDiscuss major theories of human development and learning, including MÄ ori and Pasifika perspectives. This essay will discuss Jean Piaget, Lev Vygotsky and their theories as well as critical points from their theories and explain how they relate back to each theory. It will discuss how both of these theories can be applied to work in relation to a role in the Early Childhood sector. It will include Dr. Rangimarie Pere’s studies in education and how they compare to those of Piaget and Vygotsky. ThisRead MoreVygotsky And Vygotsky s Impact On The Early Childhood Sector Essay1302 Words   |  6 PagesThis essay will discuss Jean Piaget, Lev Vygotsky and their theories as well as critical points from their theories and explain how they relate back to each theory. It will discuss how both of these theories can be applied to work in relation to a role in the Early Childhood sector. It will include Dr. Rangimarie Pere’s studies in education and how they compare to those of Piaget and Vygotsky. This essay will also link the chosen theories back to Te WhÄ riki and the New Zeal and early childhood curriculumRead MoreJean Piaget s Theory And Theory1673 Words   |  7 PagesWhat is a theory? A theory is an organized set of ideas that is designed to explain development. These are essential for developing predictions about behaviors and predictions result in research that helps to support or clarify the theory. The theorist I am choosing to talk about is Jean Piaget who discovered the cognitive development theory and who broke it down into different stages. The different stages are the sensorimotor stage, the preoperational stage, the concrete operational thoughtRead MorePiaget in the Classroom1334 Words   |  6 Pagesgrounded by the development ideas presented by Piaget. The educational implications of Piaget’s theory are closely tied to the concept of intelligence as the dynamic and emerging ability to adapt to the environment with ever increasing competence (Piaget, 1963). According to the development ideas presented by Piaget’s theory, cognitive structures are patterns of physical and mental action that underlie specific acts of intelligence and correspond to changes in child development. A review of theRead MoreJean Piagets Theory of Development1080 Words   |  5 PagesJean Piaget’s theory is basically cognitive and developmental and most of his studies were based on his three children, he called this the clinical method. This method was used in interviews with patients by asking them questions and observing their behaviour. Whilst using this method he learnt that children under 7 years use different principles to base their judgments on compared to older children. Piaget would use the interview responses for following questions he could ask. The method at firstRead MoreThe Observation of a 5 Year Old Boy Essay1263 Words   |  6 PagesInterpretation: As I was observing Daiki I could see that many of his actions and behavior was typical for his age. I will discuss my observations in terms of the cognitive and psychosocial domains of human development. I will also discuss my observations using the cognitive theory. I will first discuss what I observed using the cognitive domain of human development. I noticed that Daikis language was very persistent. Even though his sentences were not complete, he still talked to his peersRead MoreGeneral Theorists And The General Theories Essay1556 Words   |  7 Pages This essay will discuss two general theorists and one Maori/Pasifika theorist and give an overview of their theories. It will discuss two critical points and explain how these points relate to the chosen theories. It will also relate to the theorists beliefs to the role as a nanny and provide examples of how the theories apply to the development of infants, toddlers, young children and their families. This essay will briefly outline the differences between the Maori theorist and compare the generalRead MorePiaget’S Theory Of Cognitive Development Is A Theory Built987 Words   |  4 Pages Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development is a theory built upon stages in the development of children. Each stage in this theory pertains to specific age ranges, and involves cognitive achievements and limitations distinct to that age. The theory attempts to depict how children understand the world throughout their development. Though the theory follows an age range with certain the t heory itself should not always be seen as concrete (Bibace, 2013). Piaget’s theory of cognitive development can beRead MoreHow Do the Major Theories of Child Development (Known as the ‘Grand Theories’) Explore the Importance of Social Experiences?1675 Words   |  7 PagesHow do the major theories of child development (known as the ‘grand theories’) explore the importance of social experiences? Social experiences play a vital role in the development of children. Theories of child development have been created to help us to understand how children’s minds develop, taking into account the differences between cultures around the world. Some of these theories explore the possibility that children gain knowledge, develop new concepts and bridge new ideas through interactionRead MoreSocial and Moral Development Essay1092 Words   |  5 Pagesintellectual, social and moral development of infants at birth and as they grow into adults are through the developmental theories. Some of the developmental theories are sexual development, social development and moral development. Both Jean Piaget and Lawrence Kohlberg view similarities as well as differences between the theories they each believe in regards to the development of a child social and moral development. Jean Piaget put forth the theory of cognitive development wherein he established

Essay about The Power of Angels in America - 2546 Words

The Power of Angels in America Such ethical possibility is, however, founded on and coextensive with the subjects movement toward what Foucault calls care of the self, the often very fragile concern to provide the self with pleasure and nourishment in an environment that is perceived not particularly to offer them. -Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick Demanding that life near AIDS is an inextricably other reality denies our ability to recreate a sustaining culture and social structures, even as we are daily required to devote such time to the details of the AIDS crisis. -Cindy Patton Tony Kushners two-part play (or, if you will, two plays) Angels In America is one of most famous and most powerful plays†¦show more content†¦Rogoffs Angels in America, Devils in the Wings is an article thats decidedly critical of the Broadway production of Tony Kushners Angels in America: Millennium Approaches. He begins his critique with as one who lives a life rather than a lifestyle, Im not sure what a gay play, let alone a gay fantasia might be (21). As one who lives a life rather than a lifestyle myself, I find this opening to the essay to conjure linguistic maneuvers of the conservative right used to dismiss the grievances of gay men. While I may be going out on a limb in this analysis, most often the binary life vs. lifestyle is code for heterosexual vs. homosexual-in short, gays and lesbians dont live lives but rather we live lifestyles. Ours are mockeries of real lives, thus requiring the supplemental -style. Rogoff is not sure what a gay play...might b e. In truth, this is no easy question, and there are no easy answers to it. Are the plays of Tennessee Williams, such as Cat on a Hot Tin Roof and The Glass Menagerie gay plays, since the author was gay? Or do only his later works qualify as gay plays, as they focused specifically on gay material? Are any of the plays of William Shakespeare gay plays, for that matter? Or is this an appellation reserved for post-Stonewall, politically oriented gay plays? These could potentially be veryShow MoreRelatedValues and Standards in Kushners Angels in America Essays1088 Words   |  5 Pagesof Joe and Roy implied in the play, â€Å"Angels in America† by Tony Kushner, while discussing how they can be both valuable and questionable. Kushner implies that religious ideals act as guidelines for those who follow them. He brings this point across with the character called Joe. A Mormon who has used those religious standards to fight off the â€Å"wrong or ugly† and has modified his behavior to what is â€Å"decent† or â€Å"Correct† (Angels in America pg. 40). 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There are undoubtedly too many issues to thoroughly analyze each and every one, but disease and destruction stand out: specifically the representation of AIDS and its affects on the individual acceptance and defining of sexuality, as well as, society’s perspectives. Angels in America is an accurate, honest portrayal of the slow deterioration of the human body, the soul’sRead MoreAngels: Messengers of God Essay examples1452 Words   |  6 Pagesoften have no problem accepting that angels are messengers from God, and they bring protection, healing, encouragement, and hope into our lives. These people find an ease and c omfort in having faith in God and his messengers. However, in the same regard there are some people who lack the amount of faith and belief who cannot fathom their being a God or any type of greater being like an angel watching over them. These people are agnostics and athiests. Angels are messengers of God in the HebrewRead More Allen Ginsbergs America Essay1708 Words   |  7 PagesAllen Ginsbergs America In Allen Ginsberg’s â€Å"America,† the speaker angrily blasts America in a one-sided argument. In this poem America is personified and is addressed by the speaker as if it were human. After calling himself America the speaker asks several rhetorical questions that make the reader think about America’s ethical and moral values while questioning its goals and ambitions. In essence, the speaker presents to the reader those unanswerable questions that neither himself norRead MoreFeminism And Its Effect On Society946 Words   |  4 PagesAs stated before, America in the Reagan period was not comfortable with homosexuality, which resulted in denial about AIDS and in-turn general unawareness regarding the disease. At that time if a person was diagnosed with AIDS, they were automatically labelled as gay, despite the medical inaccuracy of that generalization. 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If you had thought that, you are wrong, very wrong. Angels are warriors of God, abiding by His Laws and His Laws only. They are protectors of earth and its inhabitants and sometimes, the destroyers. An angel’s importance may not be widely known, but their job for us will never be forgotten. Angels are pure spirits that were created by God. The English word, angel, comes from a Greek

Lab Report Analysis Free Essays

Memorandum TO: Emma Mackenzie, Writing Instructor; Montana Tech FROM: Sarah Hambidge, Montana Tech Student DATE: 6 November 2012 SUBJECT: Lab Report Analysis This memo proposes the observations and claims I collected from reviewing three different lab reports. Three fields of study are composed within this memo that includes Electrical Engineering, Environmental Engineering, and Petroleum Engineering. â€Å"Electrical Filters,† (Electrical), written by Joe Schmoe, is a lab report made by a student at a university. We will write a custom essay sample on Lab Report Analysis or any similar topic only for you Order Now The College Board produced an environmental lab report named, â€Å"Monitoring Air Quality,† (Air), for the purpose of student education as a lab template. Monitoring Air Quality was written by Dr. Angela C. Morrow who graduated from the University of Northern Colorado. Within the Energy Engineering field, I found, â€Å"NETL Extreme Drilling Lab Studies high temperature drilling Phenomena. † (NETL). This lab was created by the U. S. Department of Energy and was found in the work of the U. S. Government. This lab report was written by K. David Lyons, Simone Honeygan, and Thomas Mroz. All three lab reports’ features have been compared and contrasted using analytical techniques in this memo. Observation of Whole Document All three documents are close in terms of length of paper. They are in the range between 6 and 9 pages long. The NETL Drilling High Pressure High Temperature Drilling Phenomena and Electrical Filters lab reports have 4 or 5 figures to represent the purpose of the lab report. The Air Quality lab only has one figure, a picture of a tree. College Board’s Monitoring Air Quality figures were labeled underneath the pictures in regular font. The petroleum lab report used bold lettering underneath the figures. The electrical report’s figures were labeled with italics underneath the picture as well. * Paragraph styles All three labs differ strongly when it comes to the style of how the paragraphs were written. Drilling lab reports within Petroleum Engineering are most elaborate and long. The petroleum lab report has 3 paragraphs in the Abstract section while the other two reports have one short paragraph. The Petroleum lab includes specific numerical details such as different depths, fluid pressures, and temperatures. The other reports did not include quantities inside the opening paragraph that is why Drilling labs are more elaborate and precise when it comes to representing information. As a reader is reading the NETL Drilling Lab, they could be more confused than reading the other two labs. The quantities are not explained how they are derived very well, so this could result in a comprehension problem for a basic reader. I think this would make a reader with basic comprehension levels frustrated. * Headings According to the example lab report(Doyoyo,2002), paragraph titles should follow this format in order of title page, Abstract, Experimental Procedure, Results, Discussion, Conclusion, Appendices, and References. The lab report composed by the College Board follows this format most concisely. The College Boards paragraphs are titled Abstract, Objectives, Introduction, Materials, Procedure, Data/Observations, Analysis, and Additional Resources. The procedure in this report is quite long because it has 3 sub headings within it that precede three different subjects. The analysis goes quite in depth as well and has 2 different parts in it. The electrical lab report follows a similar paragraph order; Objective, Background, Experiment, Results, Conclusion, and References. The background paragraph is 2 pages long; this is longer than any of the other documents. I believe in order to completely comprehend this document, you would have to know a great deal of background and have expierence in this field. The petroleum drilling lab report also follows a different format; Abstract, Introduction, Acknowledgments, and References. TheNETL Drilling lab stands out from the rest of the labs too because between the introduction and acknowledgments, there are 4 paragraphs that explain descriptions, efforts, and future plans. This lab is farthest from following the standard lab report format. The NETL Drilling Lab was written by the government so they may follow a stricter lab format than they teach in schools. They might make up their own order of headings and paragraphs because they are on top of the chain. Font choice The NETL lab Report uses ten point font in Times New Roman. The Electrical Engineering lab Report uses Times New Roman as well but its double spaced and typed in twelve point font. The environmental lab uses Calibri with twelve point font and multiple spaces between every paragraph. The NETL lab is the most professional looking lab because it looks formal and fits more informat ion within a page than the other labs. A reader could get the most information out of the NETL lab because it is constructed elaborately but also concisely. Overall tone The NETL lab has by far, most formal tone of voice. The lab created by the College Board is built for mainly educational purposes; therefore it uses a smaller vocabulary for easier understanding. The Electrical lab report was made by students so it’s not that complex. The NETL lab is professional because it is a work of the government. This lab uses many big words, acronyms, references within text, and many numerical conversions. The lab written by students has the least informal tone, most likely because they are least educated. Reading the Electrical Filters Lab could leave a reader lost in some places, and readers may want to read a different lab on Electrical Filters written by a doctor or someone with a professional degree. * Repetition The College Board lab report uses repititon the most because it was created by doctors and doctors are very precise with representing information. It often repeats, â€Å"Please see AP’s licensing for AP Questions and Materials. † It also repeats, â€Å"Clean Air Act,† â€Å"NAAQS,† â€Å"gypsum,† and â€Å"air quality laws. † Within the procedure the paragraphs are repetitive as well. The Electrical lab is the least repetitive but it did repeat input and output signal values. The petroleum lab repeats drilling terms and the process of deep drilling. I think the repetition in all of the labs was necessary because a basic reader would need to be reminded of the information to smoothly flow through reading the documents. Sections The sections within the 3 lab reports differ in body. Some are more like Markel’s sample(Markel,2010) than others. * Abstract The petroleum lab and environmental reflect the major focus of the lab well. The abstract concisely communicates the purpose of the lab, the approach, the results, and the significances of the findings. The electrical lab doesn’t have an abstract but sometimes instructors do not require an abstract section. The environmental lab does a better job at writing the abstract because it’s shorter and more direct to the point, therefore easier to understand. * Introduction The petroleum lab does the worst at the introduction. Markel (Markel, 2010, ch10), says the purpose of the lab is clearly stated. The petroleum lab is sort of confusing. It says,† The purpose of this paper and industry projects [1-5] deep wells are defined as wells drilled for oil and gas having true vertical depth (TVD) greater than 15,000 feet (4572 meters. )† The electrical report is more to the point, for example, â€Å"The objective of this lab is to build and test a first order, low-pass filter with resistors and capacitors. † The Environmental lab’s purpose statement is, â€Å"At the end of this lab, you will be able to describe and discuss several air pollutants and methods for detecting them. The environmental lab is a lab template so it is written in a future tense format rather than past tense like the other labs. Conclusion In reading this memo, I hope you understand my findings an key points about the three lab reports I analyzed. Electrical Filters, by Joe Schomoe, was poorly written compared to the other lab reports. It did properly use its figures and the abstract section was written correctly. This document was hard to read because the background was very long and in depth. This document also was least appealing to the eye because the lack of professionalism. College Board’s Monitoring Air Quality overall did well as serving the major purpose as a lab template for students. However this lab needs more figures and pictures because it only has one figure. The College Board also followed Markel’s lab format the closest. The repetition used by this lab made the whole document flow more as reading. The NETL Extreme Drilling Laboratory Studies High Pressure High Temperature Drilling Phenomena, is the most professional and formal written document compared to the other two labs. It did not follow the normal lab report format, but it contained many helpful figures and tables. This lab can be confusing because it is so complex, but most information and data can be obtained from reading this lab report. References * Doyoyo, September 19, 2002, 13. 014J/1. 052J â€Å"Helpful instructions on how to write a mechanics lab report. † * Markel, 2010 Chapters 6,7,9,10,18, Appendix B related to APA documentation * Unit 3 Topics Checklist * (Electrical) How to cite Lab Report Analysis, Essay examples

A Story From America Essay Research Paper free essay sample

A Story From America Essay, Research Paper A Story From America August 14th 1960, I was working tardily at the office that dark. It was like one of those darks that gives you shiver, when you think about them. The cold air was titillating me in the cervix, when it easy blowed into the room from the unfastened window. The visible radiations from the street made me so annoyed that I hartly could happen and read the documents I was looking for. Finally I found them, they were concealing in my personal archive of instances connected with slaying. My attending all of a sudden breaks when my secretary, a immature talented adult female with many unusual accomplishments, approaches the office. She ever negotiations, normaly I merely pretend to listen, but this clip I could experience something was different. She had an thought, possibly she had found a hint, in the instance which had gone on my nervousnesss for the last three hebdomads. Cooper! , she manages to articulate before she throws some documents on my desk. Make you retrieve, when we were look intoing Mrs Alpher s flat? . Yes, what is it? I say, seeking to happen out what s on her head. You see, until now we haven t found anyone that perchance could hold gone into Mrs Alpher s flat, without anyone detecting him or her. You ve got a point at that place, I responded, what was on her head? That bluish frock surely showed her all right curves, really I coundn t get her of my head most of the clip. Well, her flat lies on the corner of Main Street and Baker Street, there re three Windowss, one on Baker St. and one Main St. plus one in the center. That dark Mrs Alpher was shot, it was really warm, and if she so had a window unfastened. A individual could hold shot her in hers apartment, from his or hers ain window, she looked satisfied after completing her composition. So what you re seeking to state, is that we possibly could happen the slaying in one of the fla ts opposite Mrs Alpher s Windowss. The thought wasn t bad at all I thoungt, she opened the new closet to acquire some files. OK. we ll travel over to her flat right off. It was rather unusual to come in the flat, it had an unusual construction, but besides it had a certain appeal with it s three Windowss in the terminal of the life room. I tryed to visualize what had been traveling on that flushing Mrs Alpher was shot. First she had come place after a dinner with her lover, to loosen up herself she starts to alter her apparels. Then she opens the Windowss because of the heat, the slaying is sitting in his or hers window frame, waiting for Mrs Alpher to stand in the right topographic point where he or she can fire the gun. No 1 will detect the shooting, because of loud noise the trafic usualy makes. The pieces eventually bagan to suit, now there was merely one thing left to make, cross-examine those with Windowss opposide Mrs Alpher s flat. Fortunately there were merely three existent suspects, Mr Appleton, Mrs Sherly and Mr Edwoods, my secretary and I went out to happen the slaying. Mr Appleton 33 old ages old, lives opposide Mrs Alpher s flat on Baker Street. Has a good point of position to the flat, and have permission to transport a gun. He was entirely place watching telecasting the dark of the slaying. Mrs Sherly 25 old ages old, lives opposide Mrs Alpher s flat on Main Street. Do non hold a good point of position, but have been covetous of Mrs Alpher, because of her new lover ( harmonizing to other close friends ) . She was place, but was kiping at the clip of the slaying. Mr Edwoods 34 old ages old, lives nextdoor to Mrs Sherly. Has a good point of position to all three Windowss, but wasn t place at the clip of the violent death. After hearing all three alibis, I sat down seeking to happen out who had the best ground for killing Mrs Alpher. Mr Appleton was seemingly the headsuspect, because he had permission to transport a gun. But all slayings didn T ever have permission to transport guns, so Mrs Sherly with her green-eyed monster was besides a headsuspect. Mr Edwoods whom said he wasn t place at the clip of the violent death, has the best point of position to the flat, besides he could hold make it, if he was lieing. Suddenly the phone starts pealing, I pick up the receiving system trusting something unbelievable had happened. It s the downtown policedepartment, Agent Cooper? One of your suspects was confessed the slaying of Mrs Alpher. I went down to the constabulary section right off, but who could it be? To my surprise, I saw Mr Edwoods standing at the counter. He looked baffled, besides he couldn t look me in the oculus. Mr Edwoods? , I couldn t complete what I was about to state, when he cryed out It was me, yes I admit it, it was me who killed that brainsick adult female. But why Mr Edwoods? Why did you kill a adult female you barely knew? , I couldn t stan her, she was a bitch! he said with strong belief in his voice. Well Mr Edwoods, why don T you tell me what had happened, all right. I ll better do that. I lean back in my chair, and started listening. For a long clip I had been following Mr Alpher, I dreamt every dark of her and so she finds this lover. He stoped speaking for a minute, so I asked him with no consideration But why didn T you at least talk to her? You see, I wasn t the sort of adult male she wanted, he looked up with cryings in his eyes. The lone manner out I could happen was to get rid of the lover, but at the clip I was traveling to kill, I couldn t see the dif ference between her and him. I didn t mean to kill Mr Alpher, it was a error, a awful error. But I m the one how shall be punished, and I ve got nil more to state. His face was all white, so I asked him to take it easy. Few proceedingss alter a police officer came to roll up Mr Edwoods, I saw him being taken away with handlocks on his dorsum. I needed a remainder, and the lone topographic point I knew where I could rest, was at the Johnsons Hotel. Possibly I should name my secretary? No, she already knew what had happened. I opened the door to the hotel anteroom, two adult females were sitting down in the white chairs, possibly waiting? Or merely loosen uping themselves. One of them, was reading a book. She besides had the same bluish frock as my secretary, no another error, the frock wasn T rather the same. But anyhow, I wasn t here to look at adult females, but to loosen up myself. It was non really warm in the hotel anteroom, so I keept my coat on. There were no to see behind the counter, but I was patient. Suddenly a adult male runs into the anteroom, he stops infront of on of the ladies. When he takes his coat off his arm, I can see he holds a scattergun in his manus. I m paralysed for a few seconds, so he fires the scattergun, and runs out of the back door. Merely when I m about to rest, something ever happens. I st art running alter him.

Multicultural Australia

Introduction The concept of multiculturalism does not have a straight forward definition because it depends on the context of its usage. Again, it is not easy to have a universally acceptable definition because there are more people putting in their contributions about this concept, therefore leading to numerous definitions of the same.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Multicultural Australia specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More For example, multiculturalism in the United States of America is used in both social and political contexts. It is used to show that the differences that exist among people on the basis of their cultural orientation, gender, ethnic or racial backgrounds and other diverse opinions, should not be a source of division but should be viewed as a source of strength for that particular group (Higley, Nieuwenhuysen, and Neerup, 2009). Basically, multiculturalism advocates for treatment of all people w ith respect and dignity because this is what leads to the massive growth and development of a nation. This paper shall address this concept in details using the example of Australia as well as identify how it has changed before, during and after the Howard government. The Concept of Multiculturalism In Australia, the view of this concept is not very different from that of the USA. This is because multiculturalism is viewed in both the social and political contexts and is seen as a tool that should help in the development of the country other than in its destruction. The term was in use widely in the 1990’s but its use has declined with time, with many people wondering what became of it (Cope, et al, 1991). Castles, et al, (1990) says that the term is slowly being replaced with the term ‘integration’. This term deals with the diversity that exists in the modern day society. According to Lyle (1983), this diversity comes about because of the differences in cultural and ethnic orientations, among other factors. This definition is especially true for the modern day Australia, whose policy is that it is a multicultural society and this is not going to change. To further enhance multiculturalism, the government of Australia has put forth measures to it intends to act on in response to the diversity that is present in the country as a result of multiculturalism.Advertising Looking for essay on cultural studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This country, that is part of the other countries in the commonwealth, has pointed out several dimensions that the policies that deal with multiculturalism should take. The first dimension is one that deals with the cultural orientation of the people. The Australian government clearly stipulates that each of its citizens have the right to express themselves culturally in the different ways that culture can and is expressed but within the limits prescrib ed by the law. Consequently, the Australians are free to express their culture through language and religious affiliation without any interference. The other tenet of multiculturalism as stipulated by the government is the social justice for all the citizens. Every person is en titled to fair treatment regardless of their class, religious background, political affiliation, gender and ethnic background, among other barriers of fair treatment. The last dimension of this concept as viewed by the government is the economic dimension. This tenet gives every Australian citizen a right to be recruited or employed anywhere in the country where they can use their skills and knowledge. This should happen regardless of the person’s sex, political, ethnic and religious background. The dimensions of multiculturalism discussed above are applied to all Australian citizens without discrimination and are articulated in the country’s documents of the National Agenda. Consequently, the p eople with Aboriginal background, the Anglo-Celtic group of citizens and those who do not speak English but are citizens of Australia receive the same treatment from the government (Bell, 2006). Limitations of Multiculturalism Even though the Australians enjoy the rights expressed in the National Agenda, there are also several limitations to these rights. First, the rights of Australians concerning multiculturalism are founded on the assumption that every Australian citizen is committed and is also working towards the realization of the common goal of the nation. They should also be committed to those things that are geared towards unifying the country. This is the first and most important factor underlying the implementation of the rights of multiculturalism (CAAIP (Committee to Advise on Australia’s Immigration Policies), 1988).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Multicultural Australia specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The policies also call for Australians approval of the basic structures and the overarching principles governing the country. Respect for and obedience to the constitution and other laws that govern the country, showing tolerance and fair treatment to everyone regardless of the things they possess that bring about diversity and freedom to express oneself are some of the ways that the citizens can express their approval of the laws of the land. The use the national language, in the case of Australia, English, and fair treatment of people of both sexes is also a way of showing acceptance of the basic principles of the country. Finally, for one to enjoy their rights of expression of their culture they have to recognize that there are others who have a different cultural orientation and they too have the same right. This therefore, calls for tolerance and acceptance of others culture without acting in a manner that will offend the other party (Bell, 2006). In summary, thes e policies that have been formulated to address the concept of multiculturalism in Australia are designed to help in making Australia a better place for its citizens with social justice and economic efficiency as its overarching principles. Multiculturalism before the Howard Government Before the introduction of the concept of multiculturalism, Australia used another policy known as ‘assimilation’. This meant that any immigrant settling in Australia had to forsake their culture and adopt that of the natives in Australia (Elder, 2005). One of the factors that led to the change of policy from the idea of assimilation to that cultural pluralism and later multiculturalism is the World War 2 and its effects. Precisely, there was increased awareness on the devastating effects of racism learnt from the Nazi party’s actions. This made people start doubting the positivity of the White Australia Policy, which encouraged racism, and was being practiced then (Lopez, 2000). T hat was an external factor. Internally, there were several groups which advocated for an end of the policies which encouraged racism. These groups included the church and other human rights groups.Advertising Looking for essay on cultural studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More By 1960, these groups, which were very active in speaking against the white Australia policy in the 1950’s, got support from other quarters which included the journalists and the students body from various universities, among others. Their first achievement in this campaign came when dictation test for those who wanted to migrate to Australia was dropped. The non-Europeans who wanted to migrate to Australia were also allowed to undertake the skilled migrant program. Consequently, students of Asian origin were allowed undertake their studies in Australia and also, more people who were not Europeans got a chance to live in Australia especially in the 1970’s. The church together with other groups continued being vocal on this issue of racism especially with regard to one’s language, cultural orientation and religious background. The groups emphasized that everyone had the right to live in Australia and practice their culture, religion and speak their language witho ut any barriers (Jones, 2003). More pressure was put by Jerzy Zubrzycki on the government to end this culture of assimilation and instead adopt a policy of ‘cultural pluralism’. Jerzy Zubrzycki was one of the members of the academic movements challenging some of the policies that were used by the government of Australia (Theophanous, 1995). Their breakthrough came around 1971, when the movement changed its name to ‘multicultural society’ and some of its members appointed to the advisory committees in the immigration departments. Here, they were able to implement their ideas. In 1973, the White Australia Policy was completely dropped, with the government opting to choose the immigrants on the basis of their qualifications (Birrell, 1984). The racial discrimination act was also formulated in 1975, during the tenure of Malcolm Fraser as the opposition immigration spokesman. Multiculturalism was embraced by many people and continued to be practiced throughout t he country. The concept received support from the Prime Minister, Bob Hawke, in 1980’s when he ordered for the setting up of an office where multicultural policies would be made and enacted (Australian Council on Population and Ethnic Affairs, 1982). Collins (1988) states that around the same time, the concept was fully adopted by many and there were programs that had been established to help the immigrants and also the lobby groups with financial and any other kind of assistance that they required. Establishment of multicultural radio stations was also a step to show the success of multiculturalism. Multiculturalism during the Howard Government John Howard led the Australian government between 1996 and 2007. During his tenure, he did not show a lot of support for multiculturalism, instead he even criticized it. As a result, the support this concept received from the government decreased and conversely, the idea of assimilation received massive support (Das, 2006). This howev er does not mean that the government abolished multiculturalism completely. National Multicultural Advisory Council (NMAC) was established in 1997, with support from the government even though every other policy that was formed after this did not regard the concept of multiculturalism. Instead, Australian values were emphasized. A report on multiculturalism submitted by National Multicultural Advisory Council (NMAC) in 1999 stated that although it recognized that the citizens were involved in the success of multiculturalism, there was a greater need to recognize that Great Britain and Ireland also contributed immensely towards Australia’s democracy and peaceful coexistence of people in the country. To further show his lack of support towards multiculturalism, only a single statement on multicultural policy was given out. This happened in 2003 and the statement was supposed to serve its purpose until 2006. This was a long period of silence on such a crucial matter of national importance (Greg, 2006). Another thing that showed his contempt towards multiculturalism was his reluctance use the term in official speeches that he made. Again, term which was in use in the title of the immigration department was removed and the department given another name that did not include ‘multiculturalism’. Das (2006) further says that Howard encouraged the immigrant to integrate into the native Australian society which is largely white Anglo-Saxon. Howard says that failure to do this, the national values that show patriotism and nationalism would be down trodden. This is a view that was shared by another vocal critic of multiculturalism, Blainey, According to Blainey (1984), acceptance of the concept of multiculturalism would have devastating effects on the government. This would lead to failure because of concentrating on the rights of the few immigrants at the expense of the majority of the population who are the natives. Howard’s zeal for eradicatio n of this concept saw him introduce the Australian citizenship test, which had earlier been removed because it hindered efforts geared towards multiculturalism. The national identity also ceased to be referred to as multiculturalism (Slade, and Mollering, 2010). In 2007, before he left office, Howard made remarks disregarding multiculturalism. He is quoted to have said that the Australian natives should not be made to apologize because of their identity; instead, they should be proud and push for it to remain. He explained his point further by saying that the concept of multiculturalism is different from that of multiracialism and the two should never be confused (Modood, 2007). To elaborate this, Howard said that multiracialism simply meant the acceptance of the core values upheld by the natives of a country by the immigrants who settle in that particular country. He asserted that he is comfortable with the practice of multiracialism but not multiculturalism. He said that he believ ed in this because of the positive effect that is got when people from different societies come together (Castles, and Miller, 2009). Multiculturalism after the Howard Government The debate on multiculturalism did not end with the end of John Howard’s tenure in office. This concern is fueled by the danger of terrorism attacks that is being experienced by people all over the world. There was also a concern about how best to bring about social cohesion in the country that is characterized by cultural diversity. During the Labor Government of 2007-2010, under the leadership of Kevin Rudd, the concept of multiculturalism received much support (Markus, Jupp, and McDonald, 2009). His support is signified by his decision to have the Parliamentary Secretary for Multicultural Affairs and Settlement Services and also the National Multicultural Advisory Council established. One of the mandates of the latter was to provide the government with the useful advice on ways of improving social cohesion and also eliminating racism and other vices attached to this due to diversity that existed in the country (Jupp, 2007). This move was aimed at creating an environment of tolerance to all people despite their differences. Diversity was supposed to be treated as strength for the country and not a weakness. This committee gave some recommendations to the government which included: making sure that every citizen had access to essential services rendered by the government to its citizens. Again, the government was supposed to address the issue of discrimination together with other vices such as prejudice with a lot of seriousness. The government was also advised to create opportunities where the people of Australia would put in their contribution in projects that are beneficial to the community as a whole. The overriding advice was that the government needed to do all it could to ensure justice was upheld in all its institutions and the people in Australia lived in a community that had social cohesion without some people feeling left out. These recommendations were received positively by Chris Evans, who was the minister of immigration then. The Gillard government, which came into power in 2010, has not been an ardent supporter of multiculturalism and this led to the government removing the term from the title of the immigration department of the country. This has attracted a lot of criticism from many people including the Federation of Ethnic Communities Councils. Currently, every Australian state has established laws which govern the people on multiculturalism. The modes of operation of the bodies that enact these laws are different because each one has its own laws and mandates. For example, the policy dealing with multiculturalism in New South Wales is enacted by the Community Relations Commission for a multicultural NSW while that doing the same in Victoria is called the Victorian Multicultural Commission (VMC). Conclusion The issue of multiculturali sm remains to a contentious one in Australia. One of the ways which has helped in promoting understanding of this concept among the people is dialogue with the people. However, it is still not clear how multiculturalism can be used to bring about a positive impact in a community with a lot of diversity. This becomes more difficult because of the government’s leaders holding varying opinion during their tenure in office and being replaced with leaders of a different opinion after an election Reference List Australian Council on Population and Ethnic Affairs., 1982. Multiculturalism for all  Australians—our developing nationhood. Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service:. Bell, J., 2006. Australia: state of fear. The Age, Opinion, 27 January, 2006, p. 15 Birrell, R., 1984. Australia’s Immigration Policy: Changes and Implications. Sydney Fontana. Blainey, G., 1984. All for Australia. North Ryde, NSW: Methuen Haynes. Castles, S., and Miller, M., 2009. Th e age of Migration: International Population  Movements in the Modern World. London: Palgrave Macmillan. Castles, S., et al., 1990. Mistaken Identity, Multiculturalism and the Demise of  Nationalism in Australia. Sydney: Pluto Press. CAAIP (Committee to Advise on Australia’s Immigration Policies)., 1988. Immigration: a  committee to Australia. Canberra: AGPS. Collins, J., 1988. Migrants Hand in a Distant Land. Sydney: Pluto Press. Cope, B., et al., 1991. Immigration, Ethnic Conflicts and Social Cohesion. Melbourne: Bureau of Immigration Research. Das, S., 2006. Howard’s way: multiculturalism is out, assimilation is in. The Age,  Opinion, 27 January, p. 15. Elder, C., 2005. Immigration history in M Lyons P Russell (eds), Australia’s history:  themes and debates. New South Wales: University of New South Wales Press. pp. 98–115. Greg, C., 2006. The Conspiracies of Multiculturalism. The Betrayal that Divided  Australia. New South Wales: Sunda Pub lications. Higley, J., Nieuwenhuysen, J., and Neerup, S., 2009. Nations of Immigrants: Australia  and the USA compared. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing. Jones, G. W., 2003. White Australia, national identity and population change in L  Jayasuriya, D Walker J Gothard (eds). Legacies of white Australia: race, culture and nation. Perth: University of Western Australia Press. pp. 110–28 Jupp, J., 2007. From White to Woomera. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Lopez, M., 2000. The Origins of Multiculturalism in Australia Politics 1945-1975. Carlton South: Melbourne University Press. Lyle, A., 1983. A Selective Annotated Bibliography of Multiculturalism in Social  Alternatives. Queensland: University of Queensland. Markus, A., Jupp, J., and McDonald, C., 2009. Australia’s Immigration Revolution.  Crows Nest: Allen Unwin. Modood, T., 2007. Multiculturalism-a civic idea. Cambridge: Polity Press. Slade, C., and Mollering, M., 2010. From Migrant to Citizen: tes ting language, testing  culture. London: Macmillan. Theophanous, A. C., 1995. Understanding Multiculturalism and Australian Identity. Carlton South: Elikia Books. This essay on Multicultural Australia was written and submitted by user JuleCarpenter to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

An Explanation of Dependency Theory in Sociology

An Explanation of Dependency Theory in Sociology Dependency theory, sometimes called foreign dependency, is used to explain the failure of non-industrialized countries to develop economically despite investments made into them from industrialized nations. The central argument of this theory is that the world economic system is highly unequal in its distribution of power and resources due to factors like colonialism and neocolonialism. This places many nations in a dependent position. The dependency theory states that its not a given that developing countries will eventually become industrialized if outside forces and natures suppress them, effectively enforcing dependency on them for even the most basic fundamentals of life. Colonialism and Neocolonialism Colonialism describes the ability and power of industrialized and advanced nations to effectively rob their own colonies of valuable resources like labor or natural elements and minerals. Neocolonialism refers to the overall domination of more advanced countries over those that are less developed, including their own colonies, through economic pressure, and through oppressive political regimes. Colonialism effectively ceased to exist after World War II, but this didnt abolish dependency. Rather, neocolonialism took over, suppressing developing nations through capitalism and finance. Many developing nations became so indebted to developed nations they had no reasonable chance of escaping that debt and moving forward. An Exampleof Dependency Theory Africa received many billions of dollars in the form of loans from wealthy nations between the early 1970s and 2002. Those loans compounded interest. Although Africa has effectively paid off the initial investments into its land, it still owes billions of dollars in interest. Africa, therefore, has little or no resources to invest in itself, in its own economy or human development. Its unlikely that Africa will ever prosper unless that interest is forgiven by the more powerful nations that lent the initial money, erasing the debt. The Decline of Dependency Theory The concept of the dependency theory rose in popularity and acceptance in the mid to late 20th century as global marketing surged. Then, despite Africas troubles, other countries thrived despite the influence of foreign dependency. India and Thailand are two examples of nations that should have remained depressed under the concept of the dependency theory, but, in fact, they gained strength. Yet other countries have been depressed for centuries. Many Latin American nations have been dominated by developed nations since the 16th century with no real indication that that is about to change. The Solution A remedy for dependency theory or foreign dependency would likely require global coordination and agreement. Assuming such a prohibition could be achieved, poor, undeveloped nations would have to be banned from engaging in any sort of incoming economic exchanges with more powerful nations. In other words, they could sell their resources to developed nations because this would, in theory, bolster their economies. However, they would not be able to purchase goods from wealthier countries. As the global economy grows, the issue becomes more pressing.

Competitiveness and investment attractiveness of the South African Essay

Competitiveness and investment attractiveness of the South African food retail industry - Essay Example By 2012, the SAFRI is expected to have a value of $98.1 billion which will be an increase of 32.7 percent over 2011 (Appendix A). While the above figures demonstrate the attractiveness of the market for investments, further evaluation would be conducted to determine the competitive advantage in investing in South Africa. This would be conducted through the extended model of Porter’s National Diamond. 2. Porter’s National Diamond The competitive advantage of an industry, according to Porter, derives from the national ‘diamond’. These four diamonds are the four determinants of competitive advantage created within the home base of the nation state – factor conditions, demand conditions, related and supporting industries, and firm strategy, structure and rivalry. The extended model of Porter’s National Diamond includes government and chance events. An important key feature of the model is that the determinants are supportive of each other and oper ate as a system (Clancy, O’Malley, O’Connell and Egeraat, 2001). This implies that there should be effective flow of information about needs, techniques and technology. Here geographic concentration is important because proximity facilitates flow of information. ... While the basic factors pertain to demographics, location and climate, the advanced factors include communications infrastructure, sophisticated skills and research facilities. South Africa’s population has surpassed 50 million and more than 90 percent of its population is non-white (Arisaig, 2012). Unemployment rate is 25.2 percent and the average life expectancy is only 57 years. Unequal distribution of wealth has resulted in the poorest ten percent earning just one percent of the total national income. Poor education system can be attributed to high rates in unemployment. However, the country has modern infrastructure and the retail sector is sophisticated although dominated by local products (Ntloedibe, 2012). The country also has a well developed communications network and electricity supply is also reliable. In addition, South Africa also has a network of merchant banks, brokers, and financial services specialists. Investments in technology and telecommunications are inc reasing which will enhance business infrastructure thereby enabling the companies to compete with the countries in the West (Maxwell, 2013). The southernmost country on the African continent, South Africa is one of the most economically prosperous nations in southern Africa due to its coastal location and presence of gold, diamonds and natural resources (Briney, 2012). However, climate change is prominent in South Africa and this impacts sourcing and transportation of agricultural products for retailers. One way to handle this is through adaptation by sourcing through several suppliers in vulnerable categories. Despite its coastal location, water is scarce and water security is a fundamental challenge faced by retailers. This requires the retailers to actively engage with suppliers for

Identify the 4ps for the totally different customers Assignment

Identify the 4ps for the totally different customers - Assignment Example Bases for segmentation can be demographic, geographic, psychographic or behavioral. The way city residents will behave as concerned to the type of vehicle they would want to have is the not the same as the way farmers and landowners will behave concerning the same issue. Therefore the company must prepare a market mix that favors both segments by offering brands that are inline with their preferences. A market mix is formed based on the four Ps which are Product, Price, Promotion and Place. The pricing made to farmers and city residents must offer value to both the company and the buyers of the four-wheel vehicles. The product that is the type of four-wheel vehicle preferred by city residents should be differentiated by the type preferred by farmers and landowners. Vehicles targeted for city residents will posses specifications that provide better conditions for human transport. Vehicles sold to the farmers and landowners will have characteristics that provide a favorable condition f or farm activities. Promotion involves branding the products in a way that favors each particular segment. The four-wheel vehicles for farmers and land owners segment must be branded to favor farm activities while those for city residents are branded to favor the comforts of the city residents during human transportation. A good marketing mix for the four-wheel company should conduct promotion in such a way that it creates public relations between the customers and the company hence establishing connections between the two parties. The promotion process must provide effective communication process through identifying the target audience i.e. farmers and city residents, Determine communication objectives i.e. marketing to achieve high sales where they are low, Design a message, Choose a Media and finally collect a feedback from the people. The segmentation itself is defined by the place of use of the vehicle and in this case it is the farm and the city. A preferred marketing mix will have to target consumers in such a way that more sales are conducted (www.udel.edu, Focusing Marketing Strategy with Segmentation and Positioning). These can only be achieved through fulfilling both customer needs in terms of product preference, favorable market prices, better promotion strategies and selling products at best located selling points. Consumer does love products that are likes of the majority and therefore a company must market its products to have high sales if they want to maintain the hold on their customers. The table below offers an example of a preferable market mix. Table 1: Marketing mixes for two different consumer segments (Segment A: Farmers) (Segment B: City residents) PRODUCT Four Wheel drive features are of high standard compared to the ones for consumers. The features they have make them high standard due to the tasks the vehicle is meant to perform. The capacity of sitting will be less but with high speed and acceleration. The standards of consumer fo ur Wheel drive are lower as compared to those of farmers since they are only meant for passenger transport. Huge capacity but low speed is just an example of the features. PRICE High price since farmers and landowners are wealthy to spend huge amount of money to spend on a good Vehicle. The value is comparable to the benefits it offers the

'There is no longer room for the labour, skill and judgement standard Essay

'There is no longer room for the labour, skill and judgement standard as the originality criterion under UK copyright - Essay Example Emphasis is given on UK copyright law but reference is also made to the approaches used in other countries also, especially the Common law countries that share a common framework of principles and rules. A specific aspect of the UK copyright law is explored: the labour, skill and judgement standard, as related to the originality criterion of UK copyright law. At a first level, the following assumption can be made: the rules of UK in regard to this type of law are not extensive, at least taken into consideration the similar frameworks of other countries worldwide. Still, the applicability of these rules is carefully monitored because of the following reason: even if the labour, skill and judgement standard need to exist as elements of the UK copyright law, their potentials to survive in the global market cannot be secured. In addition, the content and the requirements of originality can be different in UK law, compared to other laws, even those incorporated in the same legal framework , such as the countries of the Common law. The literature and the case law developed in regard to this issue are used in order to show that labour, skill and judgement in copyright cannot secure the uniqueness of a work. It seems that such difference is justified using the different explanations of originality, as held in countries worldwide. Also, the potential inability of creators to understand the requirements of copyright law can lead to delays in the recognition of the uniqueness of a work as the result of the labour, skill and judgement of its creator. At this point, the following problem appears: should labour, skill and judgement continue to be used as standards for deciding the originality of works in the context of the UK copyright law? The above question is critically discussed below using relevant literature and case law, as appropriate, so that the credibility of the assumptions made is secured. It should be noted that the findings of the literature, as compared with t hose of case law seem to promote two different trends: in certain cases, the labour, skill and judgement standard is used as the sole criterion for evaluating originality while in other cases a trend for replacing, even partially, the above standard with other elements, mainly quantitative, has appeared. The particular contradiction is critically discussed above in order to evaluate whether the elimination of the standard would be feasible and whether the simultaneous use of other standards would help to improve the performance of UK copyright laws. 2. The â€Å"labour, skill and judgement† standard as the originality criterion under UK copyright 2.1 The originality criterion as related to copyright In order to understand the potential involvement of labour, skill and judgement standards on UK copyright law, it would be necessary to refer primarily to originality, as a criterion for awarding a property right in regard to a specific work. Originality, as related to the copyrig ht law sets the following condition: ‘the work must originate from its maker so that it can obtain protection’1. The concept of originality has been clearly described in the case University of London Press Ltd v University Tutorial Press Ltd (1916) where the originality of a work has been used for showing that ‘a work is originated by the author’2. In addition, it seems that originality, as explained above can have

Technology and Social Issues in Africa

Technology and Social Issues in Africa Nigel McKelvey   For many in the western world, the perception of Africa is one of starving children and war torn countries. But 21st century Africa is a continent that is attempting to dispel the old imagery and is ready to compete with the rest of the world when it comes to embracing technology. The major success of the mobile phone industry has revolutionised how the people of Africa live, work, learn and communicate. Technology has changed industry in Africa, while natural resources are still being mined by international companies with no benefit to its people, there is now an opportunity for individuals to reap the rewards of this new revolution as the skills are accessible and have allowed many individuals to empower themselves and realise their potential. A technical hub in Nairobi, Kenya is a huge success storey that can be replicated anywhere throughout Africa; because it is the people that are the greatest resource and not the blood diamonds or crude oil that others have been exploiting for decades. The hub has become so successful it has been dubbed Silicon Savanah. There are currently developing a 5000-acre site to develop the Konzo Techno City, the first of its kind in Africa. It is attracting major global companies such as Samsung, Blackberry and Huawei and when completed in 2025 will have 200,000 people working and living there. This is working proof that the African people given the same opportunities as the western world can serve as major competitors in the global market. Africa, colonisation, poverty, mobile phones, child labour, cocoa farming, Silicon Savanah. The media have been consistently severe in their portrayal of the African continent throughout the years. The Africa that the west perceive is one that Chavis,(1998) suggests as being as dark as the pervasive fear conjured up in the their minds. With constant images of famine and skeletal children viewed on television screens by millions throughout the decades, it is difficult to invoke a reimaging of the country as the problem still exists to a lesser extent. Many African countries are still suffering and reports that another major famine is imminent, which could affect forty-nine million people across southern Africa (Robb, 2016). In the last six years, there have been more wars in Africa than anywhere else on the planet (Arieff, 2016). The wars are ongoing and it is a struggle to establish economic and social growth in countries that are at war and those surrounding them. In Northern Africa, there are nine countries at war or have internal unrest, in central Africa there are three, in the east there are four while South Africa is also looking at unrest as support for the ANC is declining due to accusations of corruption (Timeslive, 2016). It is one of the major problems that affects the progression of a vast continent, each country has such varied and unique characteristics to offer the world, yet hindered by government corruption, conflict and poverty. In addition to this Birrell (2012) suggests there is a disconnect between what the western perception of Africa is and its fast-changing reality causing a lack of financial investment. Although these issues currently impede the economic growth of Africa and the social welfare of its citizens that live in the 54 countries that make up the continent, there is a change taking place where the digital age is being embraced and in doing so a new Africa is evolving. With a country that has only 40% reliable energy supply and 20% having access to the Internet, there is a new wave of optimism coming from an impending digital and cultural revolution (Kanza, 2016). This paper will look at how the social issues have improved with the introduction of new technologies especially the success of the mobile phone; it is a technology that has united the continent. Subscriptions for mobile phones have now surpassed half a billion and it is expected that 54% of the continent will be connected by 2020 (GSMA, 2016). The largest market for mobile phones are Egypt, Nigeria and South Africa, with countries such as Kenya, who have a population of 45 million having subscriptions of 38 million (Mutiga, A., Flood, Z.,2016), which is more than 84% of the people in the country. The lack of infrastructure with unreliable and scarce fixed line telephone has contributed to the success of these devices and has given countries throughout the continent a freedom and new opportunities unheard of before. The effect of colonisation in Africa since the 1870s by European countries has played a major part on how the continent is perceived today. Before the European Renaissance, Africans were building cities earlier than the Greeks or Romans and had developed writing skills in the form of scripts such as Demotic and Hieratic (Pheko, 2012). It was a continent that was always rich in resources such as oil, coal and diamonds, but few countries within the continent rarely profit from them only other countries and multinationals (BBC News, 2012). Since the end of colonisation, little has changed in the way the many African countries have suffered, especially at the hands of their own governments who made deals with the devil. Multinational companies and foreign countries are still instrumental in the unethical exchange of billions of dollars to leaders and warlords to extract rich resources that they will greatly profit from while they allow the countries people to starve and be murdered. Any profits that are generated are never invested back into the country or its people (Pear, 2014). A continent that was historically ahead of its time had become a mere shadow of its former self. When the US President Franklin D. Roosevelt made a trip to Gambia in 1943, he was shocked at the conditions its people were living in and was quoted saying Its the most horrible thing I have ever seen in my life. The natives are five thousand years back of us. The British have been there for two hundred years for every dollar that the British have put into Gambia, they have taken out ten. Its just plain exploitation of those people. 74 years later countries are still being pilfered and little has changed in the way of financial investment in many countries that could greatly benefit from a fraction of the profits made by foreign countries or global corporations. With Africa having one of the youngest populations in the world, and an average age of 19.5 years (Worldometers, 2017), with 60% under 35 years old (Some, 2014); it is not surprising that it is a continent embracing the technical revolution. With new technology, brings an innovative era for millions regarding information relating to social aspects such as health, farming, business and education issues. The mobile phone market has grown so much in Africa, that it will generate one tenth of the GNP by 2020. Mutiga, and Flood (2016) suggest that by the end of the decade there will be 657 million mobile broadband connections, contributing $300 billion to sub-Saharan Africas economy. It is ironic that the success of this new technology has created a child labour market in its own continent. The Democratic Republic of the Congo produces half the worlds supply of Cobalt; a metal that can retain it magneticity at high temperatures, which is used in the manufacture of mobile phones, car batteries and computers (Bell, 2016). The 16 multinational brands that use this metal, including Apple, Microsoft and Sony; are aware that the mines that they are purchasing from use children as 7 years old, getting paid $1 a day for working in life threating conditions companies (Kelly, 2016). Amnesty International have been investigating the practice and have traced the supply chain of the mined metal to companies such as Volkswagen, Daimler and Samsung. Having received the list of companies that were recorded as customers of the battery manufacturer that uses the metal, only one admitted that they were aware of the connection of the cobalt mines and the batteries. None of the companies could provide any details to verify where they were sourcing their battery products (Amnesty International, 2016). The car companies involved use the metal as a key component in the lithium-ion batteries, while the marketing focus is encouraging the potential buyer to consider purchasing their product because it is environmentally responsible thing to do. The demand for electric cars is expected to reach 17 million by 2030 which will invariably increase the demand for cobalt and the expectation is already pushing up the price of the metal (Desai, 2016). While the process of extracting coba lt has now become mainstream knowledge, it has not hindered the sales of smartphones or electric cars nor will it as the public want to enjoy the benefits of having these goods without wanting to know what was involved in its production. Child labour does not only extend to the mining industry; the farming community also exploit children for labour and involved in the slave industry. Cocoa farming in countries like Ghana and the Ivory Coast contribute to a large part of its exports with over 60% of revenue generated alone from cocoa. Large international companies such as Hersheys, Mars and Nestlà © use the farms to supply the demand for their chocolate bars. The farms are generating so much money for the countries, that their governments are turning a blind eye to the amount of child slavery and kidnapping that is prevalent in these countries to keep up with demand and keep prices low for the large global customers. There are now estimated to be 1.8 million children working in dire conditions, where they are barely fed and working with dangerous pesticides and tools. In Ghana, 73.6% of rural children work in these types of farms with children as young as five have been reported to be working, with little chance of g etting a decent education; they may spend the rest of their lives been exploited by these farmers (Mull and Kirhorn, 2005). With the chocolate industry, worth $100 billion (OKeefe, 2016), the demand for young workers will not stop. This can only be stopped through government intervention and the chocolate manufacturers paying a reasonable price for the cocoa they procure for a minimal cost at the expense of the countrys children. The governments behaviour in the past, only further damages the chance of fair working practices and pay. Three journalists who reported the findings of a government probe into the corruption in the cocoa export trade, were detained until they disclosed the source of the findings, whilst another journalist went missing in 2004 when investigating the practices of the Ivory Coast Government and the cocoa industry (Crawford, 2005). The cocoa farmer is at the mercy of the suppliers, who along with the corrupt governments dictate the price they receive for their crops, ensuring the farmer and the workers stay in uneducated and poor because it suits their needs. The responsibility of the multinationals and the consumers of chocolate must decide where their conscience lie. The more consumers demand that the cocoa that produces the chocolate they so readily enjoy; comes from ethically sourced farms, only then can there be some movement in how the farmer can relieve young workers from their farms. By using mobile technology as an information tool cocoa farmers can use mobile devices to gain essential market knowledge relating to crop and animal prices. They also can sign up to information centres where they can educate themselves about best practice and the introduction of new techniques in different areas of farming that can help with increasing productivity and profits, whilst informing about proper pest control and correct disease management of their animals. In Senegal, a company called Mlouma offer farmers a service where they are informed on a timely basis of the best prices for selling and buying agricultural products (Omondi, 2014). This gives the farmers a market knowledge they never had before and enables them to get the best price for the product they work so hard to produce. A similar premise called Esoko began in Uganda and is now also successful in Tanzania and Kenya. It offers a central virtual market place, where the farmer is informed of market prices by SMS and part of their services includes a call centre where illiterate farmers can have access to the same information while also allowing farmers to put money aside or borrow money to buy necessary farming equipment (esoko, 2017). The cocoa industry may be corrupt, but by the farmers becoming more knowledgeable about the prices that are available, there may come a time where they get to demand a fair price for their goods based on what the information acquired through the established network creating using this technology. There are similar services throughout Africa that exist to empower individuals throughout the many areas of the production within the continent. Fishermen, fish processors and traders can avail of the service called EFMIS-ke. It is an electronic fish market information system that was launched in Kenya to combat the waste of post-harvest fish which was costing over 450,000 Euros annually. Data from fish landing sites and markets are continually uploaded onto a central database to be processed, which in turn is shared with users who can make informed decisions on where to sell or buy the fish depending on the going price (Nyabundi, 2017). While technology has allowed farmers and fishermen to gain a new perspective on how get the most from their product, there are still many social issues that blight the way. Strass, (2016) suggests that Africa must overcome 6 major challenges to make way for a better future. Low Economic growth rate. This is due to the oil prices and exports falling and the richer economies suffering from the after-effects of the Arab spring Libya, Egypt and Tunisia. This is all about to change according to Barton (2016), who believes technology is one of the 3 trends that will ensure an economic and social change for Africa in the future. The first, by having the largest working population in the world by 2034. The second where the cities are becoming ever larger and becoming more productive and the third where technology will help bypass the infrastructure issues that are so prevalent within the continent. Lack of Industrial Development. Industrial development in Africa has not grown since the 1970s. Page (2014) believes it is a combination of bad luck and government policy that has left the continent 40 years behind the rest of the world. Bad luck, in terms of the economic crisis that occurred globally in the 1970s and 1980s, which brought about a macroeconomic strategy where governments and banks made policies to keep inflation to a minimum. When Africa came out of its economic recession, the rest of the worlds economy had grown with inflation and Africa could no longer compete. Bad policies were put in place to reduce imports and attempt to increase exports, but little understanding of the global market place meant they were doomed to fail. Poverty, hunger, poor education, ill health and violence. Although the situation is slowly improving, the living standard in comparison to the rest of the world seems bleak. The Democratic Republic of Congo; Africas second largest country, is the poorest country in the world. Out of 20 of the countries in the world with the worst food and nutrition provisions, 19 of those are in Africa (Barton, 2016). Only through education and intervention from governments can there be any kind of social escalation in these countries. Urban slums. 60% of people living in African cities are living in slum areas. As more of the surrounding land becomes urbanised, the larger the slums are growing. Programs are in place such as the UNHabitat who are working with governments to acquire lands, but the slums are growing faster, with expectations that by 2050 1.26 billion people will be living in cities; only further exasperating the issue. Corruption The chair of the Transparency International Josà © Ugaz said Corruption creates and increases poverty and exclusion. While corrupt individuals with political power enjoy a lavish life, millions of Africans are deprived of their basic needs like food, health, education, housing, access to clean water and sanitation, (Veselinovic ,2016). Needs such as attending a doctor do not come easily for some citizens in many African countries. In Liberia, 7 out of 10 people claim to have paid bribes to access services such as healthcare or education. In Zimbabwe, a man who raped a 9-year-old year which resulted in her being infected with HIV; was released in secret because he paid a bribe. It is estimated that nearly 75 million people in Sub Saharan Africa have paid a bribe to officials to stay away from court and for basic services that they badly need (Transparency.org, 2015). Global Trade Partnerships. The African Growth and Opportunity Act is a trade agreement established by President George Bush in 2000, with an aim to develop market access to the United States for countries with Sub-Saharan African countries who adhere to certain human rights conditions and labour laws. This has afforded countries such as Tanzania, Kenya and Ethiopia to export $1billion in clothes to the United States with no tariffs (Schneidman, 2016). The worry for African countries with amendments to the Trans-Pacific Partnership was that other countries were attempting to get tariffs reduced and increase their exports to the United States. Since President Trump has withdrawn from the negotiations on the 23rd of January, the TTP may be dead in the water. What the growing concern now for the United States is that the Chinese are trading with them through the back door as they own many of the clothing factories that are exporting to them (Thomas, 2017). In a continent where hardship and starvation is commonplace, it is difficult to see a light at the end of the tunnel from an outsiders perspective. Africa had never experienced any of the fortunes that North Europe gained from the industrial revolution (Armstrong, 2013), but it seems they do not want to bypass the digital revolution that is currently exploding throughout the continent, which to many may seem surprising that a continent so full of old traditions; such as men kidnapping a bride in Sudan (Hearfield, 2014) or negotiating a price for a bride in Southern Africa (Ziddina, 2009). They are a highly superstitious group of countries where the existence of witches is still believed to be true (Radford, 2010); all of which is deemed archaic by the western world, have surprisingly embraced technology with great ease. This may be because the technology that exists today and is being made available to them suits their needs. Technology is defined as the branch of knowledge that deal s with the creation and use of technical means and their interrelation with life, society, and the environment. Technology has created so many opportunities in Africa and has allowed it to leap into the 21st century with the same enthusiasm the rest of the world has. TU Delft are a group of Global Initiative Scientists who are using high tech science to find solutions for problems people are facing in developing countries (TUDelft, 2017). They have just been given the green light to start on 7 new projects in Africa; they include: Affordable housing Using technology to develop new design methods for low-cost housing in Addis Ababa where 75% of its people live in slums. Building Adaptive Cities Working with local authorities and it citizens during the stages of urban development to look at solutions on how the city and its people serve each other in the future. Water Balance in the Zambezi River Basin. The Zambezi river basin is shared by 8 countries and is home to 2 of the worlds largest reservoirs. The construction of the 2 dams had a massive impact on the basin and the studies will be carried out to predict floods and water levels which have affected its natural habitat and its people. Diagnosis of Tuberculosis and Detection of Malaria New technology in mobile phones is being proposed in the detection of Tuberculosis which kills millions of people each year, while an optical device is being developed to identify the presence of malaria. Biogas Fuel Cell System in Rural Areas Biogas Fuel Cell System is where a fuel such as gas is converted into electricity, a technology that IKEA is known for using in the United States (Bioenergy, 2017). TU is hoping to use this technology in remote areas (Holland, 2016). These new technologies can only be good for a continent that has suffered hardship throughout the last 400 years; from the colonisers to the corrupt governments and leaders who live lavish lifestyles while they let their people suffer. The technologies are a plaster on a large wound that requires proper attention. The mobile phone and tablet technology however is an accessible one that everyone can benefit from and requires little or no technical ability to use. It is why it has been so successful in areas such as banking where in Kenya, Sudan and Gabon have 50% of adults using online banking. This is also true of online education tools that are so popular that the market is set to be worth $530million this year. These types of online tools are helping young people get an education they may otherwise not afford to or have access to without this technology. Health education is also another use of the mobile technology where information is disseminated to the masses at the click of a b utton, which was unthinkable in the 1980s (Ogunlesi, 2012). It is now an opportunity for Africa to shine as it once was and to lose its unfounded title that once was the dark continent. References Chavis, R. (1998). Africa in the Western Media. Available: http://www.africa.upenn.edu/Workshop/chavis98.html. Last accessed 22nd February2017. Robb, S. (2016). Worst famine in 25 years on the way in Africa UN warns Read more: http://metro.co.uk/2016/05/22/worst-famine-in-25-years-on-the-way-in-africa-un-warns-5897847/#ixzz4YHhheJf5. Available: http://metro.co.uk/2016/05/22/worst-famine-in-25-years-on-the-way-in-africa-un-warns-5897847/. Last accessed 10th February 2017. Arieff, I. (2016). Africas War Problem. Available: http://www.passblue.com/2016/07/12/africas-war-problem/. Last accessed 10th February 2017. Civil unrest and crime warning for South Africa. (2016). Available: http://www.timeslive.co.za/local/2016/06/08/Civil-unrest-and-crime-warning-for-South-Africa1. Last accessed 10th February 2017. Birrell, I. (2012). Our image of Africa is hopelessly obsolete. Available: https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2012/aug/26/ian-birrell-emergence-new-africa. Last accessed 10th February 2017. Kanza, E. S. (2016). Africas digital revolution: a look at the technologies, trends and people driving it. Available: https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2016/05/africa-s-digital-revolution-a-look-at-the-technologies-trends-and-people-driving-it. Last accessed 10th February 2017. GSMA (2016). NUMBER OF UNIQUE MOBILE SUBSCRIBERS IN AFRICA SURPASSES HALF A BILLION, FINDS NEW GSMA STUDY. Available: http://www.gsma.com/newsroom/press-release/number-of-unique-mobile-subscribers-in-africa-surpasses-half-a-billion-finds-new-gsma-study/. Last accessed 17th February 2017. Pheko,M. (2012). Effects of colonialism on Africas past and present. Available: https://www.pambazuka.org/global-south/effects-colonialism-africas-past-and-present. Last accessed 22nd February2017. BBC News (2012). Africa Debate: Will Africa ever benefit from its natural resources?. Available: http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-19926886. Last accessed 22nd February2017. Pear D.W. (2014). Africa: Incredible Wealth, Exploitation, Corruption and Poverty for its People. Available: http://therealnews.com/t2/component/content/article/170-more-blog-posts-from-david-william-pear/1944-africa-incredible-wealth-exploitation-corruption-and-poverty-for-its-people-. Last accessed 25th February 2017. Adusei, A. (2009). Multinational corporations: The new colonisers in Africa. Available: https://www.pambazuka.org/governance/multinational-corporations-new-colonisers-africa. Last accessed 25th February 2017. Mutiga,A., Flood, Z. (2016). Africa calling: mobile phone revolution to transform democracies. Available: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/aug/08/africa-calling-mobile-phone-broadband-revolution-transform-democracies. Last accessed 11th February 2017. Bell,T. (2016). Cobalt Metal | Properties, Production, and Applications. Available: https://www.thebalance.com/metal-profile-cobalt-2340131. Last accessed 25th February 2017. Kelly, A. (2016). Children as young as seven mining cobalt used in smartphones, says Amnesty. Available: https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2016/jan/19/children-as-young-as-seven-mining-cobalt-for-use-in-smartphones-says-amnesty. Last accessed 25th February 2017. Amnesty International. (2016). Exposed: Child labour behind smart phone and electric car batteries. Available: https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2016/01/child-labour-behind-smart-phone-and-electric-car-batteries/. Last accessed 25th February 2017. Desai, P. (2016). Electric vehicles to power cobalt revival. Available: http://www.reuters.com/article/metals-cobalt-demand-idUSL8N1902I9. Last accessed 25th February 2017. Mull D L and S R Kirhorn. (2005). Child Labor in Ghana Cocoa Production: Focus upon Agricultural Tasks, Ergonomic Exposures, and Associated Injuries and Illnesses. Available: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1497785/. Last accessed 10th March 2017. OKeefe, B. (2016). Bitter Sweets. Available: http://fortune.com/big-chocolate-child-labor/. Last accessed 10th March 2017. Crawford, J. (2005). Disappeared: Guy-Andrà © Kieffer missing in Ivory Coast. Available: https://cpj.org/reports/2005/05/kieffer-disappeared-journalist.php. Last accessed 10th March 2017. Worldometers (2017). Africa Population (LIVE). Available: http://www.worldometers.info/world-population/africa-population/. Last accessed 10th February 2017. Some, D. (2014). Connecting Africa: The best investments in the next generation. Available: http://www.africaprogresspanel.org/connecting-africa-the-best-investments-in-the-next-generation/?gclid=CJb5trzEiNICFYEV0wodYaEItw. Last accessed 11th February 2017. Omondi, F. (2014). Mlouma.com Improving Market Knowledge in Senegal Agriculture Industry. Available: http://innov8tiv.com/mlouma-com-improving-market-knowledge-senegalese-agricultural-industry/. Last accessed 11th February 2017. Esoko (2017). CONNECTING YOU TO RURAL MARKETS. Available: https://www.esoko.com/. Last accessed 11th February 2017. Nyabundi, D. (2017). Fish traders land bigger returns with market tracking system. Available: http://www.businessdailyafrica.com/Fish-traders-land-bigger-returns-with-market-tracking-system/-/1248928/2131390/-/agyo6i/-/index.html. Last accessed 12th February 2017. Strauss, G. (2016). Six Challenges Facing Africa in 2016. Available: https://providencemag.com/2016/01/six-challenges-facing-africa-2016/. Last accessed 10th March 2017. Barton, D. (2016). 3 reasons things are looking up for African economies. Available: https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2016/05/what-s-the-future-of-economic-growth-in-africa/. Last accessed 16th February 201

Choruses †what is the importance of these speeches in Dr. Faustus?

Choruses – what is the importance of these speeches in Dr. Faustus? The essential function of the chorus speeches are as a commentary, an omnipotent voice which observes Faustus’s actions, clarifies his character and by foreseeing his change in fortunes, heightens the anticipation of the audience. Also, rather like dressing Mephastoples in a Friar costume, the chorus speeches are a practical device used by Marlowe to communicate aspects of the play which are simply impossible to perform on stage. Thus, they have particular significance from a 16th century perspective, as the theatre would not have had the elaborate lighting and stage sets to demonstrate a change in scenery as audiences are used to today. The chorus speeches are made at various times throughout the play, linking the dramatic scenes together. They are therefore crucial to the structure, as without them, the audience would not have the same sense of exactly how Faustus is using his powers as time passes or indeed, fully understand the progressing danger he is in. The opening chorus is essential is introducing the audience to Fausts’s character, the themes of the play and to a certain extent the morals Marlowe intended to convey. By speaking directly to the audience, the chorus brings them into the play, laying down the foundations of the essential plot. Saying this, the opening lines are not about Doctor Faustus itself but rather ironically about what the play is not going to entail. This however, has the effect of drawing in audience as the descriptions of the ‘alternative’ plays are presented as epic and intriguing in themselves: ‘Nor, in the pomp of proud audacious deeds’ The power of this line is emphasised by the alliterative... ...rue of the final, emphatic chorus, which in a way shows us that Faustus wasted his talents: ‘’Cut is the branch that might have grown full straight.’’ gives the impression that despite his ambitions, Faustus had unfulfilled his potential and could have used his skills to help others instead of for selfish reasons. Although for it’s time the essential themes of the play seem quite forward thinking yet chourus speeches were not an unheard of feature in 16th century England. They had been preciously used in Morality Plays so Marloew was arguably using a structure that had proved to be a success. However, by having a chorus directly speaking to the audience there is increased communication between the audience and the actors on stage and is simply a simple yet effective way to connect the scenes together and eliminate any confusion the audience may have. Choruses – what is the importance of these speeches in Dr. Faustus? Choruses – what is the importance of these speeches in Dr. Faustus? The essential function of the chorus speeches are as a commentary, an omnipotent voice which observes Faustus’s actions, clarifies his character and by foreseeing his change in fortunes, heightens the anticipation of the audience. Also, rather like dressing Mephastoples in a Friar costume, the chorus speeches are a practical device used by Marlowe to communicate aspects of the play which are simply impossible to perform on stage. Thus, they have particular significance from a 16th century perspective, as the theatre would not have had the elaborate lighting and stage sets to demonstrate a change in scenery as audiences are used to today. The chorus speeches are made at various times throughout the play, linking the dramatic scenes together. They are therefore crucial to the structure, as without them, the audience would not have the same sense of exactly how Faustus is using his powers as time passes or indeed, fully understand the progressing danger he is in. The opening chorus is essential is introducing the audience to Fausts’s character, the themes of the play and to a certain extent the morals Marlowe intended to convey. By speaking directly to the audience, the chorus brings them into the play, laying down the foundations of the essential plot. Saying this, the opening lines are not about Doctor Faustus itself but rather ironically about what the play is not going to entail. This however, has the effect of drawing in audience as the descriptions of the ‘alternative’ plays are presented as epic and intriguing in themselves: ‘Nor, in the pomp of proud audacious deeds’ The power of this line is emphasised by the alliterative... ...rue of the final, emphatic chorus, which in a way shows us that Faustus wasted his talents: ‘’Cut is the branch that might have grown full straight.’’ gives the impression that despite his ambitions, Faustus had unfulfilled his potential and could have used his skills to help others instead of for selfish reasons. Although for it’s time the essential themes of the play seem quite forward thinking yet chourus speeches were not an unheard of feature in 16th century England. They had been preciously used in Morality Plays so Marloew was arguably using a structure that had proved to be a success. However, by having a chorus directly speaking to the audience there is increased communication between the audience and the actors on stage and is simply a simple yet effective way to connect the scenes together and eliminate any confusion the audience may have.

Psychodynamic Theory and Person Centerd Counselling Essay

Counselling takes place when a counsellor sees a client in a private and confidential setting to explore a difficulty a client is having, distress they may be experiencing or perhaps their dissatisfaction with life, or loss of a sense of direction and purpose. It is always at the request of the client as no one can properly be ‘sent’ for counselling. (Counselling central) By listening the counsellor can begin to perceive the difficulties from the client’s point of view and can help them to see things more clearly, possibly from a different perspective. Counselling is a way of enabling choice or change or of reducing confusion. It does not involve giving advice or directing a client to take a particular course of action. Counsellors do not judge or exploit their clients in any way. ’(Counselling central). The two main therpaies within counselling that I will focus on comparing on contrasting are person centerd counselling. PCT is a form of talk-psychotherapy  developed by  psychologist  Carl Rogers  in the 1940s and 1950s. The goal of PCT is to provide clients with an opportunity to develop a sense of self wherein they can realize how their attitudes, feelings and behavior are being negatively affected and make an effort to find their true positive potential  In this technique, therapists create a comfortable, non-judgmental  environment  by demonstrating  congruence  (genuineness),  empathy, and unconditional positive regard toward their clients while using a non-directive approach. This aids clients in finding their own solutions to their problems. Secondly Psychoanalysis  is a  psychological  and  psychotherapeutic  theory conceived in the late 19th and early 20th centuries by Austrian neurologist Sigmund Freud. Psychoanalysis has expanded, been criticized and developed in different directions, mostly by some of Freud’s colleagues and students, such as  Alfred Adler,  Carl Gustav Jung  and  Wilhelm Reich, and later by neo-Freudians such as  Erich Fromm,  Karen Horney,  Harry Stack Sullivan  and  Jacques Lacan. The basic tenets of psychoanalytic therapy include the following beside the inherited constitution of personality, a person’s development is determined by events in early childhood, human behaviour, experience, and cognition are largely determined by irrational drives, those drives are said to be largely  unconscious. This main aim of this assignment will be taking both person centred and psychoanalytic therapy and critically comparing them I will do this by giving an overview of the two therapies how they were developed, the principles they lie upon, what their relationships are based on. We will then look at how they are similar and also how they differ by looking at the skills used and how they work as therapies to come to both do the same thing which is to help a client overcome an issue in their life. Person centred therapy is based on the idea that humans have a drive to grow towards their potential and will act with the best interest to themselves, if they are provided the right atmosphere (Mcleod,2008). The direction of therapy is guided by the client with the support of the therapist. The client is always the expert on themselves if they are provided with the right atmosphere for self-actualisation to occur. The central component being the client knows best the client knows where it hurts the most. The counsellors main motive is to relate to the client in such a way that he or she can find there sense of self direction. Carl Rodgers was the founder of person centred therapy. The development stemmed from Rodgers experiences of being a client and working as a counsellor (casemore) Rodgers didn’t like the view of behaviourist that humans were organisms that react to stimuli and developed habits from learned experiences. Therefor in his work as a counsellor became increasingly uncomfortable with being â€Å"the expert† so began to develop a different view of what clients needed to experience in counselling, empathy congruence and unconditional positive regard. Rodgers proposed that human beings were always in the process of becoming rather than being in a fixed state. As humans we have the captivity to develop in a basically positive direction given the right conditions. That’s not to say that he thought people are not sometimes cruel or hurtful but every person has the tendencies towords strong positive direction. Rodgers proposed that when the conditions were growth promoting an individual could develop into a fully functioning person. Rodgers described his approach as a basic philosophy rather than a simple technique which empowers the individual and leads to personal and social transformation, grounded in empathic understanding being non-judgemental and congruent. For this reason the person centred approach is often seen as touchy feel relation and seen as soft skilled that lacks structure, sometimes said as a way of preparing the road for real therapy. However it does have a clear theory of self, the creation of distrees and the tehraputic process. It’s aims are transformational and asks the counsellor to be a human and transparent â€Å"be real†(langridge). Freud is regarded as the founder of modern psychology, developing psychoanalysis. The therapy is based on the idea that a great deal of the individual behavior are not within conscious control. Therefor the main emphasis is to help the client get to the deep root of the problem often thought, to stem from childhood. Based on the principle that childhood experiences effect our behavior as adults and effect out thinking processe, Freud belived that these thoughts and feelings can become repressed and may manifest themselves as depression or other negative symptoms. The client is able to reveal unconscious thought by talking freely aboput thought that enter their mind the analysis will attempt to interpratate and make sence of the clients experiances. Deeply burtied experiances are expressed and the opportunity to share tehase thoughts and feelings can help the client work through thease problems. Clients are asked to try and transfer thougts and feelings they have towords people in their life on the analyst this process is called transfernace the success depends on how the analysats and client work together. Psychoanalysis can be life changing if successful howver around 7 years of therpay is needed to discover the full unconcious mind . regular sessions provide a setting to explore there thoughts and make sence of them. Psychoanalytic therapy is based on freuds work of pychoanalysis but less intensive it is found to be bennaficial for clients who want to understand more about tehmselves and useful to people who feel tehir problems have affcted them for a long period of time and need reliving of emotional disstress. Through deep exploration client and therapist try to understand the inner life of the client. Uncovering the uncocncious needs and thoughts may help the client understand how their past experiances affect their life today. It can also help them to work out how they can live a more fulfilling life. Person centred counselling and psychoanalytic therapy are both off springs of two great minded people Sigmund Freud and carl Rodgers the originators of these two approaches. Freud based his framework on his medical background , Rodgers was influenced by excistential phillosphy were the person is there central role in their growth and change. Some similarities can be drawn from a comparison betwewen the two models they both want to widen the concioussness but this is done in different means. Psychonalsis aims to make the unconscious conscious and by doing this helps the person gain controle over their thought and feelings. And the person cneterd approach helps the client to overcome a state of incongruence whilst psychoanalytic objective is two seek the repressed childhood experiances. The person centerd works through the concioussness by focusing on the here and now. Kahn (1985) compares the term incongruence with psychoanalytic defence mechanism repression. To him both are the same thing but different versions. Both prevent the person from being aware of his their own feelings the onluy diffrnece being that Rodgers belives by imputing the core conditions of Two persons are in Psychological contact, The first, whom we shall term the client, is in a state of incongruence, being vulnerable or anxious,The second person, whom we shall term the therapist is congruence or integrated in the relationship,The therapist experiences unconditional positive regard for the client. The therapist experiences an empathic understanding of the clients internal frame of reference and endeavours to communicate this experience to the client. The communication to the client of the therapist’s empathic understanding and unconditional positive regard is to a minimal degree achieved. Then if thease are imputed incongruence will be shifted and psychoanalytic belive through interpretation of childhoon events repression can be acchived. Both psychoanalytic and person centred involve empathy that is applied to client and therapist, enabling the client to gain new understanding and move away from distress and towards harmony with self and others. Therefor potentially both try to increase insight and strength towards the self. Other areas that overlap are also evident simple areas such as setting bounderies, along with assessment for therapy. From the first minuite of contact both persons become aware of their own and others aims, values and lifestyle by empathic attending. Both types of therapist are warm and open minded and accepting. In both therapies the therapist is bidden to provide a non judgemental respectful attitude towords the client. Both also share a commitment to the use of silence beliving it is an effective tool for therapy commiting to listening without impediment. The similarities are strongly guided by personal growth and development both have the interest of promoting self-reflection of the client. Their interest is to promote self-reflection of the clirnt. The relationship is very important in both and the main reason for this is to gain a beter insight and clearer understanding of the client. The aim is to build a relationship built on trust honesty and reliance on one another. The relationship is crucial in both therpays as without a tight relationship there is no ground work in place for the client to feel safe to explore. Both models encourage the client to relase emotions and it is through tehase that empathy can be experienced. On the other hand psychoanalytic theory stresses the importance of unconscious procedures and sexuality as the key terms for a deep understanding of the human pychopathology. Freud thought that dreams were the best way to explore the unconscious since they are disquised as the id whishes repressed by the ego in order to escape from awareness. The goal of counselling to Rodgers is the congruence of personality acchived when the self gains access to a variety of experiances. he need for self actualization can only be atteneded to once counsellor creates an atmosphere of unconditional positive regard and empathic understanding. There are considerable diffrences between the two approaches ialthough stated that they both create a strong knitted relationship between client ancd counsellor . person centers counselling the counsellor takes on a non directice role more like a companio n rather than a leader and the client takes lead of the session were as psychodynamic counsellors take more of an authority figure in the relationship. Person centred firmly believes that the 6 core condition are necessary for change. Hoewever psychodynamic use of transference is to make interpretation to the client for effective change. Person centred would see using transference would not create a genuine relationship between counsellor and client. One of the central themes in person centred is the emphasis on the present behaviours of the client. Psychodynamic focuses on the past and how it determines the present behaviours. Pychodyanmic counsellors choose to remain neutral during a session as this encourages transference a major tool in psychodynamic therapy. McLeod (2004) points out that in person centered counselling, questions are only asked to clients when necessary and may also answer questions if asked by clients, as this was supports to create the quality of the relationship. This again differs to the way Psychodynamic counsellors’ work; as asking questions are pivotal during therapy as this elps to explore and build up relevant material, furthermore, it would be unlikely for a psychodynamic counsellor to answer any personal questions by the client and instead try to figure out why the question is important. Although both see the relationship as crucial each therapy maintains a diferent way to responding to the client attitudes and values. for instance defences and transferance excist in both forms but handled in different ways. For person centerdit is a requirement that the core condition s are stimuiltaneous for the therapist thease core conditions repersent an openess to self experience and to the experience of another. Rodgers belived counsellors should be egalitarian in their meetings with clinets and a major diffrence concerns pychodynamic interpretations. Appearing as all knowing and going beyond what is un-concious based mostly on theory rather than a clients spacific experiances. Thorne (1996) states that â€Å"pychodynamic therpay may go to early in interpratation to make sence to clients† Pychodynamic interpratation specifically concerns the naming of the unconcious for causeing problems that the clinet may be having. Only in the hermanutic meaning does the word interpratation make sence of things Hermeneutics applies to all persons who make sense of all situations, whereas psychodynamic interpretation in the narrow sense is the most specific ingredient of psychodynamic therapy’s efforts to make positive changes for clients. All in all psychodynamic approaches are based on freuds work based on the unconscious of the ID ego and superego which emphasis on sexual aggression. Person centerd is based on the belief that humans have unique qualities for freedom and growth beliving that we are beyond being controlled by ID ego and superego not controlled by sexual urges. The similarities between both approaches promote and guide the idea of progress and development. There main interest to promote self reflection and awarenss for the client in order to do this they effectively use communication. Both approaches are the result of hypothesis the main diffrences lie at the foundations and what is belived to work best however sometimes they meet for what may be the best too to use at the time of hearapy. prehaps what makes any thrapy work is the belief that they can work if the client wants it to work there emotional needs and expectataions I belive that theory used does play a a very important role but it is the client who has the ability to change which ever root of therapy they take they can change no matter how they recive therapy weather it be in a humanistic approach or psychodynamic because if they expect it to work it will so maybe I am more for the person cneterd view as I belive that self actualisation and awarenss is very important to be able to facilitate growth.